Do you put references in a literature review?

Students often ask me how many sources they need in their literature review. The short answer is, It depends. It depends on your topic, the nature of your research project, your level of scholarship, and a number of other factors.

An article from Canberra University[//www.canberra.edu.au/studyskills/writing/literature] suggests:

• Undergraduate review: 5-20 titles depending on level
• Honours dissertation: 20+ titles
• Masters thesis: 40+ titles
• Doctoral thesis: 50+ titles

Another strategy I learned somewhere along the way that I now share with my students is this:

If your literature review is one section of a larger research paper, thesis or dissertation

Minimum number of sources = number of pages in the body of your entire paper [exclusive of title page, abstract, appendices and references]

Example: A paper that has 10 pages of content [the body of the paper] needs at least 10 sources in its literature review.

A thesis of 100 pages [in the body] includes at least 100 sources.

If your literature review is a stand-alone document

Minimum number of sources = 3 times the number of pages in the body of your paper [exclusive of title page, abstract, appendices and references]

Example: A stand-alone literature review that has 10 pages of content [the body of the paper] should examine at least 30 sources.

These are not hard and fast rules by any means. Also, it is worth mentioning that as students and scholars who care about the quality of our work, we want to aim to raise the bar, not simply meet a minimum suggested standard. What these guidelines are suggesting is that you dont aim for any less. If you do, your search for relevant literature in your field may be incomplete and you need to keep digging. Of course, your sources have to be relevant to your topic, too.

Not every scholar or academic supervisor would agree with the guidelines I offer here, criticizing them as being too reductionist or simplistic. My point isnt to offer a black and white rule or open theoretical debate for which there can be no clear solution, but rather to offer a straight forward and practical answer to a question that academics often respond to in an ambiguous way, leaving students frustrated, exasperated and anxious about how to go conduct their literature review.

When in doubt, talk with your own instructor or supervisor, asking them what their expectations are. [Dont be surprised though, if you get an answer that is vague, like, It depends]

Remember: Aim for quality over quality and to do a quality literature review, you need to have a substantive quantity of sources.

Here are some of my favourite resources to help you write your literature review:

University of Toronto //www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review

U Conn //classguides.lib.uconn.edu/content.php?pid=239974&sid=1980274

University of Leicester //www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/writing/writing-resources/literature-review

Queensland Univeristy of Technology //www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/write/litreview.jsp

Birmingham City University //library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.04.htm

Related posts:Why APA formatting matters//wp.me/pNAh3-1Hc

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Sarah Elaine Eaton is a faculty member in the Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Canada.