A type of counter-conditioning in which a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Systematic Desensitization An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. Conditioned Stimulus [CS]
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
Learned avoidance of a particular food - a form of classical conditioning.
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
The act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar, even if the stimuli are not identical.
Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the netural stimulus comes to cause a conditioned response.
Learning that certain events occur together.
Exposing a person to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished.
A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
An innately reinforcing stimuli.
An act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other.
Organisms associate their own actions with consequences: Behaviors followed by reinforcers increase; those followed by punishers decrease.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
When the conditioned stimulus [CS] is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus [US].
The learned response to a previously neutral [but now conditioned] stimulus.
Conditioned Response [CR]
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive [undesirable] stimulus.
The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus [US].
Unconditioned Response [UR]
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it.
Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response.
The reappearance of a [weakened] CR after a pause.
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
A mental representation of the layout of one’s own environment.
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Any event that strengthens, or increases the frequency of, a preceding response.
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
A stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.
Unconditioned Stimulus [US]
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
Partial [Intermittent] Reinforcement
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| Something that produces a reaction | Stimulus |
| A learned response to a stimulus that was previously meaningless | Conditional Response |
| the type of learning based on the consequences of an action | Latent |
| The type of learning that is acquired by watching and imitating others | Observational |
| Who pioneered research in classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov |
| A persons mouth watering at the thought of a meal | Conditioned Response |
| A form of classical conditioning that can help people avoid illness is | Taste Aversion |
| Things that meet peoples basic need such as food are examples of | primary reinforcers |
| Reinforcers of a behavior each time the behavior occurs is called | continuous reinforcement |
| Which of the following describes a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement | Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of correct responses |
| What is operant conditioning | classroom discipline programmed learning |
| What type of learning involves cognitive factors | Latent Learning |
| Shaping | Someone reinforces small steps into the right direction |
| Simple form of learning in which one stimulus elicits the response usually elicited by another stimulus | classical conditioning |
| A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic not learned | unconditioned stimulus |
| An automatic response stimulus | unconditioned response |
| A stimulus that causes a response that is learned | Conditioned Stimulus |
| A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral | condititonal response |
| When the conditioned is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus | extinction |
| Occurs when people respond in the same way to similar stimuli | Generalization |
| The act of responding differently to a stimuli | Discrimination |
| A method for reducing fears in which a person is continually exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished | Flooding |
| A gradual method of reducing fears in which people are taught relaxation techniques | Systematic Desensitization |
| Method of reducing fears by repeatedly pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fearful one | counterconditioning |
| A form of learning based on the consequences of actions | Operant Conditioning |
| The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again | Reinforcement |
| Reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied | Postive |
| Reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are removed | Negative |
| Unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied | Punishment |
| Type of reinforcement in which behaviors is reinforced every time the behavior occurs | Continuous |
| Type of reinforcement in which behavior is not reinforced every time | Partial |
| Type of schedule in which a fixed amount of time elapses between reinforcements | Fixed Interval |
| Type of schedule in which varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements | Variable Interval |
| Type of schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses have been made | Fixed Ratio |
| Type of schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses have been made | Variable Ratio |
| Learning that remains hidden until it is needed | Latent Learning |