10 research terminologies and their definition

Answer:

Delimitations: address how the study will be narrowed in scope.

2. Descriptive statistics: those statistics that describe, organize, and summarize data (frequencies, percentages, descriptions of central tendency and descriptions of relative position).

3. Debriefing: debriefing: after the participants have concluded their participation in the study, each participant should have an opportunity to meet with the primary researcher or receive information regarding the study and timeline for completion of the study.

4. Expedited Review: consists of a review of research involving human participants by the IRB chairperson or by one or more experienced reviewers designated by the chairperson from among members of the IRB. The IRB will assure that the standard requirements for informed consent (or its waiver, alteration, or exception) apply regardless of the type of review. The expedited review procedure may be used for research activities that

(1) present no more than minimal risk to human participants, and

(2) involve only procedures listed in one or more of the following categories. See page 8 of the McKendree Institutional Review Board Policies and Procedures Manual for categories and further specific information.

5. Exempt: research exempt from IRB Review, see page 13 of the McKendree Institutional Review Board Policies and Procedures Manual.

6. Hypothesis: hypotheses represent specific restatements of the purpose of the study, which can be directional or non-directional. Write in literary form which means that the variables will be stated in abstract, concept-oriented language or operational form which uses specific language.

7. Inferential statistics: allow the researcher to make inferences from the sample to the population in order to speculate, reason, and generalize about the population from the sample findings. Must have sufficient subjects and random selection. Tests include t tests, F tests, and tests for r.

8. Informed Consent: Subjects and participants must understand the nature of the project, what procedures will be used, and to what use the results will be put. See general requirements and exceptions on pages 15-17 of the McKendree Institutional Review Board Policies and Procedures Manual. Also see sample consent form, page 20 as well as sample provided separately on IRB Webpage.

9. Limitations: identify potential weaknesses of the study.

10. Research Methodology: The method of research design (paradigm as well as statistics and analysis) as well as the approximate timeline for completion of the study.

The research glossary defines terms used in conducting social science and policy research, for example those describing methods, measurements, statistical procedures, and other aspects of research; the child care glossary defines terms used to describe aspects of child care and early education practice and policy.

Accuracy

In survey research, accuracy refers to the match between a sample and the target population. It also indicates how close a value obtained from a survey instrument or assessment is to the actual (true) value.

Action Research

Action research conducted to solve problems, inform policy, or improve the way that issues are addressed and problems solved. There are two broad types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

Adjusted R-Squared

A measure of how well the independent, or predictor, variables predict the dependent, or outcome, variable. A higher adjusted R-square indicates a better model. Adjusted R-square is calculated based on the R-square, which denotes the percentage of variation in the dependent variable that can be explained by the independent variables. The adjusted R-squared adjusts the R-square for the sample size and the number of variables in the regression model. Therefore, the adjusted R-square is a better comparison between models with different numbers of variables and different sample sizes.

Administrative Data

Administrative data are used in support of the operations and service delivery of government departments and other organizations. Examples are information about individual children, families, and/or providers of early care and education and other family benefits and services. The data are collected and maintained primarily for administrative (not research) purposes.

Alpha Level

The probability that a statistical test will find significant differences between groups (or find significant predictors of the dependent variable), when in fact there are none. This is also referred to as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of a statistical test. A lower alpha level is better than a higher alpha level, with all else equal.

Alternative Hypothesis

The experimental hypothesis stating that there is some real difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to the null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference between groups.

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

Is an advanced form of ANOVA (analysis of variance). While ANOVA is used to test for differences in the means of two or more groups, ANCOVA removes the effect(s) of one or more continuous variable(s) before testing for the group differences. For example, in an analysis that examines differences in child outcomes by type of child care, the analyst may want to remove the effects of parental education.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A statistical test that determines whether the means of two or more groups are significantly different.

Anonymity

An ethical safeguard against invasion of privacy whereby the researcher is unable to identify the respondents by their responses.

Association

The relationship between objects or variables. Two variables are positively associated when the values of one increase as the values of the other increases. They are negatively associated when the values of one decrease as the values of the other increase. Income and education are usually positively associated and student absentism is generally negatively associated with student achievement.

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