Which of the following factors led to Chinas economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries quizlet?
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As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic exploration: Show
Chinese commerce ground to a halt and imperial revenue Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty: constructed the Forbidden City. constructed the Forbidden City. South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because: South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? Peasant revolts against the feudal order in Western A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe? The church, because of the charitable functions it organized in response to the Black Death, became more influential in the lives of Europeans. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by: seeking peace between the Moors and the Castilians. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans?
The Ottomans appointed leaders of local religions to their governmental bureaucracy; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not. The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories. What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague? The church threw its support behind one
ruler for all of Europe. The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans: forced all of
their subjects to convert to Islam. funded construction of elaborate mosques. Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change? Patterns of trade and commerce Religious and cultural systems Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate with neighboring tribes Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? The monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with these "new" rulers. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by: rejecting the Catholic Church and trying
to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: the Red Turbans. the Red Turbans Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory? They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam. They were flexible and tolerant. Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had: been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations. Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as: an important source of government revenue. a potential source of disorder and instability. What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages? The "Little Ice Age" Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that: the prince had a responsibility to demonstrate good morals to his subjects. the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values. In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by: the growth of Latin as an international language. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia. Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century: the persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain, causing them to move to Northern Europe. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with
the destruction of the Brahman caste. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest. Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects: entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to: successfully undermine the practice of Confucianism among their subjects. show that the gods favored the Ming. In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through: marriage. marriage Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? It inherited a society and
kingdom from the Yuan dynasty that was relatively peaceful and prosperous. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague. In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers: fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. The janissaries: maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers. maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers. To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans: adopted Byzantine administrative practices while
maintaining devotion to Islam. adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? The Church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints. The Church sought to reform clerical corruption. Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? Brazil and the Andes Mesoamerica and the Andes In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus. Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people? He believed that they were childlike primitives. He believed that they were childlike primitives. What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? Africans were used as labor in the silver mines. Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? As performers in the new entertainment districts
As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare? The Aztecs' neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure
highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers. The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Improved agricultural techniques Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires? The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force. The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade. They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art. What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds
to rent to merchants. Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection. Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? Both empires' armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces. Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy? Kinship and clan networks Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation. Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions. The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia. European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas. Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman
Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers. Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty? China's agricultural production and population decreased because of drought. Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets. Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast. The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries. Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs? The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him. Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? The Spanish now controlled all of the world's major entrepôt cities. Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? 90 percent 90 percent After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was. The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines. They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely. The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? To take over the trade or tax local merchants To take over the trade or tax local merchants From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? South Asia West Africa The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: identify their religion with their local state and language. identify their religion with their local state and language. What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system? Labor Military technology During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? The European presence undermined Asian rulers' control of territory and people. The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might. What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Silver was believed to be
the most beautiful metal. Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers. Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church? Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation. Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans? Europeans' light skin and eye color Europeans' hairiness and bad manners What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?
The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao. The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter? It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court. It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England. Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? The belief that ordinary people needed priests to act as intermediaries between themselves and God The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China? The primacy of silver made peasants' lives easier. China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation. How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce? They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes. They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes. For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands? The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect
themselves from the Spaniards in Manila. The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe. In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period? All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government. All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power. The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it: depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver. dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population. In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group? Village elders Warrior elites Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians? The French allied with the English against Amerindians. The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways. Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War? Protestant states triumphed in Central and Eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs. Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century. Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states? A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants.
European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another. Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime? English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds. English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds. Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable? The nobility God Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa? Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and
women, became even more powerful. American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade. For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch? The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies. The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize. Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices? Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade. Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system? European sailors European elites In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise? Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors? Additional taxes on foreign merchants Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles Why did European wars expand into global confrontations? Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles. Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states? Weak rulers and internal divisions Weak rulers and internal divisions Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success? The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies? The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections. Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies. Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century? The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy. The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy. Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations? Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days. Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days. Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century? Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire. Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources. What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa? Europeans relied
on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior. Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them. Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands. By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony? France France What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War? France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? Great pandemics A decline in centralized state control Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves?
Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean? Six months Three years In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade? It allowed no official trade between Chinese and It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death? He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession. How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development? The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies? To encourage international cooperation through free trade To enrich the states that had founded them The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by: decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters. What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world? The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production. The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants. Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?
Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets. What was a consequence of Europeans' introducing firearms into North America? Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges. Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty? They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture. Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century? The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades. What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another? Capitalism Mercantilism Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? Rice sugar What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals? Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia? Islamic traditions dominated artistic and poetic expression. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)? Foreign powers forced Japan to modernize by adopting "modern" science and culture. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country. Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Africans and Amerindians cynically used conversion as a ploy to increase their attractiveness as trade partners. Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them. Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people? Pacific peoples Africans
Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation? Free competition encouraged improvements in industrial production. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth. Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade? Chinese and Muslim rulers financed pure scientific research. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art. In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document? It argued for the rise of a meritocracy based on talent, not rank. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights. What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment? Increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development? The Islamic world reunified under a
single political authority, the caliphate. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires. Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common? Both of them sailed to obtain scientific knowledge as well as empire. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments. In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept? Once their terms of incarceration were completed, all residents in Australia were to have equal rights to life, liberty, and property. Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform. What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories? Artistic ability and
linguistic sophistication Physical appearance and form of governance Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie? They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in
useful form. They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form. How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas? They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common? They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted? Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order? The most popular plays were those that made fun of the
shogun. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy. What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture? Europeans had much less wealth than the Ottomans. Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture. Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following? Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe? All Chinese people shared one religion, so there was nothing to cause conflict. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others. Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa? All people have an inerasable drive to truck, barter, and exchange. People should be free to rise in society according to their talents. What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade? They sponsored feasts to allow themselves an opportunity to dine with their subjects. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails. Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas? Enlightenment ideas were popular in Portugal
and Spain. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule. Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science? They
wanted to decipher the mysteries of the universe and gain greater control over nature. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work. Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China? Almanacs and books of astronomical observations Study guides for civil service examinations Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas? Both groups were forced to work in silver mines for European owners. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease. Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas? Amerindians sought to ally themselves with European Christians in order to hasten the conversion process. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male. How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world? Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world,
indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika? The devshirme The ulama Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids? The art of the period reflected the majesty and aloofness of the Safavid shahs. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture. What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin? Detailed paintings of plant life Sophisticated bronzes Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle? Tribute from the conquered peoples in central Asia provided the funds for extravagant buildings such as Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper. Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires? China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives? Elite women's success as writers, readers, and editors encouraged them to assume a wider range of
social roles. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives. Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750? Ottoman and Qing rulers used architecture to communicate their wish for a more open relationship with their subjects. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings. How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800? Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci? Chinese maps exhibited a higher degree of geometric and mathematical precision. The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world. What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies? The crown hoped to gain the support of the women who hosted the salons. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown. Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions? The palace at Isfahan The Taj Mahal Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence? Liberty, equality, and fraternity A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making? The cotton gin The steam engine What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems? To continue the orientalists' respect for India's classical languages, philosophies, and cultures To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change? Merchants refused to lend money to the Sultan to finance his reforms. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers. What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade? Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe. Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? Nationalism and democracy Nationalism and democracy Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence? Britain's North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.
Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy? The Constitution The Constitution Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century? The
global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops. Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy? He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon's control. He feared an uprising among the local elites. Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788? To improve the status of the French peasantry To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence? They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue? It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States. How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century? European rulers and upper classes suddenly developed a taste for Chinese silks, teas, jade, tableware, jewelry, paper, and ceramics. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed. Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean? He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state-building. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change? India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials. Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing? The British acquired
the right to trade at all Chinese ports. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British. How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain? Qing peasants migrated to the
large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs. Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France? A respect for the authority of other European leaders A centralized, efficient administration Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions? Both introduced republican forms of government. Both introduced republican forms of government. In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products? Tea, rum, and beef Coffee, tea, and sugar Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire? Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government. Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas? Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly? Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.
What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa? People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves. Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution? Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere. Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic? The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator. Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia? He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship. How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society? It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank. Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution? The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between
thinkers and investors. The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors. Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence? Women over 30 years old Propertied white men What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821? Calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the
poor Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions? The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the
people of Saint Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves. Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America? It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites. The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups? The bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people? Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network Northwestern Europe and British North America
Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s? They established the world's largest army. They established the world's largest army. How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world? Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system? The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world. In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution? It encouraged women to participate in creating new technology. It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power. Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following? Their dislike
of capitalism and colonialism Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism Hong Xiuquan believed that he was: an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance. Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil. How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"? In terms of shared economic interests In terms of a common language, culture, and history Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century? Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following? The Napoleonic Empire The Ottoman Empire In what way did the Mayans who followed José María Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion? Both the Mayans and the Chinese were driven by hunger to surrender to work on plantations. Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends. What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857? British reprisals against peasants who refused to pay their taxes A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions? Millenarian revolts were often led by scholars. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles. How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857? The British began to use railroads, roads, and telegraph lines to link the region together. India came under the British crown's direct control. Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism? Because their arguments were based in statistical analysis Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders? Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces. Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state. The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition? Confucian
codes of administration Millenarian peasant revolts What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government They wanted complete cultural autonomy. They wanted political equality with other Mexicans. From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters? The middle class and the landless peasants The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common? They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa? Outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base Why did Charles Fourier consign nasty jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents? He believed that in the interest of harmony, everyone had to work. He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth. The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways? Both drew on native as well as Muslim traditions in their preaching. Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code. On what idea could disparate groups of radicals agree? Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great Rebellion of 1857? Peasants attacked Hindu princes who were seen as capitulating to Mughal rulers. Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression. Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka? They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam. They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust. The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice? Abolishing
slavery in all Muslim lands Establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms? Women longed for a
way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. Which of the following was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials? That men rather than women take over farming That men rather than women take over farming Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam? People who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform? The rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion? It failed to attract strong support from the peasants. It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups. In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers? Returning to prerevolutionary patterns of political and economic authority Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states? Ruling elites Fulani tribes people Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples? A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land. How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi? Both the British and the French slaughtered large numbers of Native Americans in the conflict. The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers. How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order? All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time. All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time. Which of the following was called for in the People's Charter? Creating land charters to protect the property rights of small farmers Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa? Decreasing opium consumption Pressure from a growing population Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India? The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed. Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?
Mercantilism Government by and for property holding citizens Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor? Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate? It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control? A rejection of traditional cultural and political resources The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century? Nationalist goals led to class warfare. The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another. What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s? It ceded its control of India to the British crown. It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges. The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following? Secularization of the state Rejection of change The impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following? The presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? A victory by the bourgeoisie that would reduce the proletariat to slavery A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state Why did American officials fear Tecumseh's message even more than his brother's? Officials feared
that Tecumseh's support of the ghost dance would draw away workers for American farms. Officials feared that Tecumseh's attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs. What is the main cause of China's recent rapid economic growth quizlet?China's strong productivity growth, spurred by the 1978 market-oriented reforms, is the leading cause of China's unprecedented economic performance.
What does China's economy heavily depend on quizlet?China's economy depends on U.S. exports, which the U.S. could use as leverage. Democracy and human rights are very important, and these values must be strengthened in China. Very good trading partners, they want to maintain this relationship.
Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts quizlet?Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.
What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in the 16th century Brazil and the Caribbean?What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?
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