Which of the following is an environmental factor that may influence the intelligence of a child?
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Abstract Understanding the etiology and relationship between standardized intelligence and academic achievement tests is essential, given their ever-increasing role in American education. Behavioral genetic studies have examined the genetic and environmental etiology of intelligence, academic achievement, and their relationship. Results suggest that genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences have an impact on intelligence and academic achievement. Behavioral genetic studies also suggest that the importance of genes may vary as a function of age. Other studies suggest that genes drive the correlation and that the nonshared environment drives the discrepancy between measures of intelligence and achievement. Implications for the identification of intellectually and academically relevant environmental influences are discussed. Show
Journal Information Educational Psychology Review is an international forum for the publication of peer-reviewed integrative review articles, special thematic issues, reflections or comments on previous research or new research directions, interviews, and research-based advice for practitioners - all pertaining to the field of educational psychology. The contents provide breadth of coverage appropriate to a wide readership in educational psychology and sufficient depth to inform the most learned specialists in the discipline. Publisher Information Springer is one of the leading international scientific publishing companies, publishing over 1,200 journals and more than 3,000 new books annually, covering a wide range of subjects including biomedicine and the life sciences, clinical medicine, physics, engineering, mathematics, computer sciences, and economics. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. We can control some environmental factors—like diet, sun exposure, and exercise—through our behaviors. But as with our genes, there are plenty of environmental factors that we can’t change. The place where we live brings many environmental factors along with it. The type of climate a place has, and whether it’s rural, urban, or something in between influence our traits. Factors like allergens, air quality, and water quality have powerful influences. Where a person lives also influences their access to food, recreational resources, transportation, social support, work and school environments, and medical care. Sometimes even a temporary environmental factor can have a long-lasting effect on traits. Early social experiences shape our personalities. Brief exposure to a toxins or disease can have life-long effects. Being temporarily diagnosed with high blood pressure could lead to behavior changes. Even environmental factors from before birth can change traits in the long-term. For example, nutritional deficiencies or cigarette smoking during pregnancy can lead to a child with cleft palate. In the end, it’s a mix of things we can and can’t control that determines our traits. As one example, we can’t control the risk for heart disease that comes from genes, nor environmental factors like age and gender. But these factors don’t determine our destiny. Our behaviors play a large part as well: the foods we eat, physical activities we pursue, and decisions about smoking all shape our risk of getting sick. Many environmental factors are different between rural and urban settings. Science tells us that the interactions between genes and environment shape human development. Despite the misconception that genes are “set in stone,” research shows that early experiences can determine how genes are turned on and off — and even whether some are expressed at all. The healthy development of all organs, including the brain, depends on how much and when certain genes are activated to do certain tasks. The experiences that children have early in life, therefore, play a crucial role in the development of brain architecture. Ensuring that children have appropriate, growth-promoting early experiences is an investment in their ability to become healthy, productive members of society. Experiences Affect How Genes Are ExpressedInside the nucleus of each cell in our bodies, we have chromosomes, which contain the code for characteristics that pass to the next generation. Within these chromosomes, specific segments of genetic code, known as genes, make up long, double-helix strands of DNA.
Children inherit approximately 23,000 genes from their parents, but not every gene does what it was designed to do. Experiences leave a chemical “signature” on genes that determines whether and how the genes are expressed. Collectively, those signatures are called the epigenome. The brain is particularly responsive to experiences and environments during early development. External experiences spark signals between neurons, which respond by producing proteins. These gene regulatory proteins head to the nucleus of the neural cell, where they either attract or repel enzymes that can attach them to the genes. Positive experiences, such as exposure to rich learning opportunities, and negative influences, such as malnutrition or environmental toxins, can change the chemistry that encodes genes in brain cells — a change that can be temporary or permanent. This process is called epigenetic modification.
Adverse Early Experiences Can Have Lifelong ConsequencesEpigenetic “markers” control where and how much protein is made by a gene, effectively turning the gene “on” or “off.” Such epigenetic modification typically occurs in cells that comprise organ systems, thereby influencing how these structures develop and function. Therefore, experiences that change the epigenome early in life, when the specialized cells of organs such as the brain, heart, or kidneys are first developing, can have a powerful impact on physical and mental health for a lifetime. The fact that genes are vulnerable to modification in response to toxic stress, nutritional problems, and other negative influences underscores the importance of providing supportive and nurturing experiences for young children in the earliest years, when brain development is most rapid. From a policy perspective, it is in society’s interest to strengthen the foundations of healthy brain architecture in all young children to maximize the return on future investments in education, health, and workforce development. For more information: Early Experiences Can Alter Gene Expression and Affect Long-Term Development: Working Paper No. 10. What are the environmental factors that affect intelligence?Intelligence is also strongly influenced by the environment. During a child's development, factors that contribute to intelligence include their home environment and parenting, education and availability of learning resources, and healthcare and nutrition.
What environmental factors can influence a child's intelligence test score?Conclusions In the present study, we found that various environmental factors such as place of residence, physical exercise, family income, parents' occupation and education influence the IQ of a child to a great extent.
What factors influence the development of intelligence?Even though the genetic susceptibility plays a crucial role on the IQ of the individual, various modifiable environmental factors like education, premature birth, nutrition, pollution, drug and alcohol abuse, mental illnesses, and diseases can have an influence on an individual's IQ.
What are three environmental factors that affect intelligence quizlet?But such environmental factors as level of income, level of education, job experience, and other environmental factors can help older people maintain very high levels of intellectual functioning.
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