Which of the following research designs is best known for its ability to determine causality quizlet?
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Terms in this set (24)1. The nurse is critiquing a research study that used an experimental design. How can the nurse determine if the study's results are able to infer causality? a. The relationship between independent and dependent variables must be reciprocal. B (Critical to causality is the control of extraneous variables that may influence changes in the dependent variable.) 2. The nurse is critiquing a research study that involves subjects undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Which finding would meet a criterion for inferring causality between performance of exercise and adaptive behavior of the subjects receiving chemotherapy? a. Adaptive behavior began before the exercise program was initiated. C (Causality is supported by a clear proportional change in the dependent variable (adaptive behavior) following a clear proportional change in the independent variable (exercise).) 3. The experimental treatment initiated by a researcher can be described as what kind of variable? a. Independent A (The experimental treatment is the independent variable.) 4. Which of these criteria is most important when evaluating the results of an experimental research study? a. The size of the experimental group compared with the size of the control group. B (The validity of experimental study results depends on how well the researcher has controlled alternative explanatory variables.) 5. Compared with a quasi-experimental design, which of these characteristics should a nurse expect to see only in a true experimental design? a.
Experimental treatment D (Random assignment to groups is not present in a quasi-experimental study.) 6. Which factor should be the primary consideration when determining the validity of experimental study findings? a. The extent to which the researcher controlled intervening variables A (Control is the ultimate criterion in experimental research.) 7. In which way is the independent variable handled differently in a study with a true experimental design compared with a study with a quasi-experimental design? a. An experimental design
requires an independent variable, whereas a quasi-experimental design neither identifies nor requires an independent variable. B (The major difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs is the randomization of groups. Independent variables are manipulated in both designs.) 8. Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups has which of these effects? a. Minimizes mortality within groups C (Random assignment to groups helps to ensure that other (extraneous) variables that could affect changes in the dependent variable are equally distributed within groups, thus reducing systematic bias.) 9. Randomization strengthens an experimental study in which of these ways? a. It reduces the risk that a subject will be harmed by participation in the study. D (Randomization helps to ensure that any group differences that emerge in a study are related to the treatment condition and not to chance alone.) 10. Control is important in an experimental research study for which of these reasons? a. It ensures maintenance of participant confidentiality. B (Control is essential to minimize the effects of extraneous variables on the interaction of the identified independent and dependent variables. Control of variables makes it possible to explain a study's findings with accuracy.) 11. In a true experimental study, the control group is the group that does what? a. Receives the experimental treatment B (In true experimental research, the control group is the group that receives the usual or a placebo treatment, rather than the experimental one.) 12. Which action would increase the control of an experimental study? a. Establishing strict criteria for subject selection A (Strict subject selection criteria help to minimize bias and limit extraneous variables.) 13. A study of a program to help people quit cigarette smoking had three groups of subjects. The first group received one supportive phone call 10 days after attending a program on strategies to resist smoking. A second group received a supportive phone call every week for 6 weeks after attending the program. A third group received no supportive phone calls after attending the program. In the above scenario, which of these properties of experimental research is evident? a. Quasi-experimental design with
no control group C (The scenario describes manipulation of the independent variable by varying the interventions (doses) of phone calls.) 14. A study of a program to help people quit cigarette smoking had three groups of subjects. The first group received one supportive phone call 10 days after attending a program on strategies to resist smoking. A second group received a supportive phone call every week for 6 weeks after attending the program. A third group received no supportive phone calls after attending the program. What is the dependent variable in the research scenario? a. Program on strategies to resist smoking B (The dependent (outcome) variable is quitting cigarette smoking.) 15. What type of threat to validity is minimized by the use of a Solomon four-group design? a. Mortality C (Testing threats to internal validity are minimized by the Solomon four-group design.) 16. An after-only nonequivalent control group design would be appropriate to study which of these research questions? a. What is the effect of the cause of spousal death on widows' self-esteem? B (After-only nonequivalent control group design is used when outcomes (e.g., vascular complications) cannot be measured before the intervention (e.g., preoperative teaching) and randomization is not used to assign subjects to groups. It makes the assumption that the two groups are equivalent and comparable before the introduction of the intervention.) 17. A quasi-experimental study design would be a better choice for a research study than an experimental study design in which of these situations? a. The study is to be conducted in a laboratory setting. D (When full experimental control is not possible, it is appropriate for the researcher to select a quasi-experimental design.) 18. The nurse researcher is planning a study in which subjects will not be randomly assigned to groups. Which type of design would be appropriate for this study? a. Nonequivalent control group design A (A nonequivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design in which subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.) 19. A planned quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group design has several extraneous variables that threaten its internal validity. The nurse researcher's actions should be based on which understanding? a. The results of the study will not be statistically significant. C (Identifying and controlling threats to internal validity will strengthen the study's design.) 20. A quasi-experimental research design would be preferable to an experimental design in which of these situations? a. A smaller sample size is sufficient to obtain
significant results. D (Quasi-experimental studies are more appropriate in real-world settings, where randomization is difficult or impossible.) 21. A study was conducted to determine if videotaped instruction was more effective than written instruction (a pamphlet) to teach menopausal women the benefits of regular mammograms. Which condition would be considered an antecedent variable? a. There were 38 subjects in the pamphlet group and 34 subjects in the videotape group. C (An antecedent variable is something that occurred before the study but can affect the outcome and confound results.) 22. In a study using a true experimental design, which of these methods would control for antecedent variables? a. Manipulation of the independent variable D (Random assignment to groups helps ensure that antecedent (preexisting) variables will be similarly distributed between groups.) 23. How are threats to validity affected when studies are conducted in real-world settings? a. Threats to both internal and external validity are increased. D (Studies conducted in real-world settings have fewer threats to external validity (generalizability) but have more threats to internal validity (control issues).) 24. How are threats to validity affected when studies are conducted in laboratory settings? a. Threats to both internal and external validity are increased. C (Studies conducted in laboratory settings have fewer threats to internal validity (control issues) and more threats to external validity (generalizability to other populations).) Sets with similar termsChapter 1158 terms Bobbette_Trice ch 3 and 1095 terms akimbal2 Unit #252 terms matthewabradley Counseling Research: Chapter 5 (Shepards, Young, D…30 terms culb0743 Sets found in the same folderCH 1024 terms caitlinwalker729 CH 8 e24 terms alliebuhr CH 10 e18 terms alliebuhr Ch 3 e20 terms alliebuhr Other sets by this creatorIV Fluids11 terms alliebuhr drug cards adult health Midterm14 terms alliebuhr burns85 terms alliebuhr functions of cerebral hemispheres5 terms alliebuhr Verified questionsQUESTION Your friend’s baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and calls it “Mi Mi,” which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget’s process of a. conservation. b. accommodation. c. cognition. d. object permanence. e. assimilation. Verified answer QUESTION Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now it's fine. Come on in!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water temperature due to a. priming. b. absolute threshold c. difference threshold. d. selective attention e. sensory adaptation. Verified answer QUESTION As Jeff rends his psychology textbook he is able to convert the light waves into signals that his brain can interpret due to the concept of a. transduction. b. perception. c. priming. d. signal detection theory. e. threshold. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore, a. income and sleep levels are positively correlated. b. income and sleep levels are negatively correlated. c. income and sleep levels are inversely correlated. d. income and sleep levels are not correlated. e. lower income levels cause individuals to have fewer hours of sleep. Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions
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Which type of research is best at establishing causality quizlet?Experiments are the best research method to establish causality.
Which type of research can demonstrate causality?Experimental research provides the strongest evidence to support causality. In experimental research, the causal variable is manipulated and presented to participants.
Which of the following types of research can determine causality quizlet?Both correlational and experimental research allow researchers to determine causality. D. Neither correlational nor experimental research allows researchers to determine causality. Researches are responsible for keeping all the data they gather on individuals completely confidential.
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