What does it mean when the text suggests that parties are linkage institutions quizlet?
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Terms in this set (244)party identification The political party for which one or one's family usually votes ex. republican, democratic political ideology beliefs ex. liberal, conservative political center having beliefs that fall in the middle of the political spectrum, not solely identifying with 1 of the major political parties. (the majority of Americans have this point of view) it moves over time linkage institutions channels or structures that allow individuals to communicate their preferences to policy-makers within the government. ex. political partties, elections, interest groups, and media political party an organized group of people with similar political goals and opinions who seek to control govt and influence policies by helping their candidates win elections at all levels of the government interest groups v. political parties political parties have broader goals what kind of party sytstem do we have in the US? 2-party system. 2 parties dominate Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24 in 1832, 1 dominant party exited- democratic republican and countries seemed very unified, but there were factions. 1857 back to normal golden age of parties 1874 dominant parties in different cities governmental party office holders and candidates organizational party workers and activists party-in-the-electorate those who vote for a party/associate themselves with it functions of a party 1. recruit and nominate quality candidates for political office the evolving role of parties and political machines (late 1800s-1940s) a political party organization that is organized efficient but also corrupt (run by political boss) uses inducements and bribes to win votes. parties have become weaker as institutions over time (starting around 1940) progressive era reforms (reducing patronage, growth of primaries, more mobile population ., national state and local laws regulating party behavior. rise of more candidate centered politics (weaker party identification among voters. splitting vote often creates divided government. some split vote b/w parties occasionally voting for a 3rd party/ independent parties. for example. a voter might vote for a republican presidential candidate but vote for a democrat congress and ligertariam for governor. split ticket voting is currently on the decline. more polarization into 2 diff parties realignment a significant and lasting shift of party affiliation amonst certain groups of voters from one party to another. often amongst certain groups of voters from one party to another. chanve cam occur nationally or within certain regions. change cam also occur within certain demographic groups. example of realignment older coters replaced w younger voters formerly solid southern democrat states have become republican. NE shifted from republican to democrat electorate dealignment general decline in party identification among electorate. increased over part several decades, at least 1/3 of the population doesn't identity with a political party (independent) parties have weakened in recent decades, but still have significant influence on American political system and maintain their group on power. party outreach strategy parties want to identify their followers and target them with strategic messaging and ailorea to their political party interests. communication technology and coter data management assist in this. impact of enhanced communication technology communication technology data management systems have increased the potential for insurgent candidates to succeed even without support from national party (more candidate-centered politics) national convention one of the main events organized by the national party committee is the party's national convention held once every 4 years. each party officially nominated its candidates for president and vice president and develops a party platform. political party structure both major parties are represented by national committee (ONC, RNC) but many parties are largely decentralized w/ committees in each state and in many counties across the US RNC and DNC Republican and Democratic National Committee third parties in the US, a third party is best defined as any party other than the 2 parties. third parties may compete in elections but rarely win at any level. ex. Green party, socialist, libertarian, etc. third parties have a difficulty accesing the ballot democrats and republicas automatically on ballot while third parties have to get signnatures and jump through other hoops to get on the ballot third parties have a lack of funding third parties have difficulty raising money many potential donors feel like their money will go to waste as third party rarely wins. also do not qualify for public funding for presidential campaign if their did not receive at least 5% of vote in the previous election. third parties have a hard time getting chose because of the structure of the US elections most elections in the US are first past the post or winner takes all, so only the #1 vote getter wins. Also for the hosue of Reps, the country is divided into single-member districts and eacg district only elects one member ( candidate recieving the most votes) lack of appeal makes it hard for third parties to win. third parties may hold more extreme views that do not appeak to most ammericans (ex. communist party) lack of votes is another obstacle for third party candidares some americans support the ideals of a third party but they feel like they are wasting their vote if theu cast their ballot for a 3rd party reforms like ran-choice voting (RCV) could alleviare this problem and allow cotess to pick their actual first choice without their vote having to be wated lack of media coverage is an obstacle for 3rd party candidates. third party candidates get little media attention and are not invited to telecised debates unless polling is 15% or better qthird parties can cange outcome third parties can play a role of "spoiler" (whether intentionally or not) by gathering enough votes in a close election to change the outcome (ex. Ralph NAder in 2000) third parties can introduce new policies and ideas third parties may address ideas or policies that two main parties are ignoring (balanced budget---ross Perot in 1993 and 1996 women's right to vote--socialist and progressive parties in 1900s 40-hour work week---populist and socialist ) third parties increased voter choice check power of main parties third parties give voters more choices which can enhance democracy, allows voters to reflect discontent with Republicans and Democratic major parties and often forced to address issues brought up by third parties that are popular with the voter.s . what is an interest group? an organization made up of people who share common objectives and who actively attempt to influence government policymakers through direct and indirect methods. they have similar policy cols and they try to influence the political process to achieve those goals. what do interest groups do? to try and influence public polict, lobbyists try to persuade public officials to support or oppoese a specidic view poiint or policy. how can interest groups influence election outcomes? typically through PACs and super PACs. which levels of government are affected by interest groups? all who are lobbysists usually former congress people or people who are somehow connected to congress what SHOULD interest groups do? promote interest in public affairs, provide useful information, serve as watchdogs, and represent interest of citizrns what are linkage institutions? parties, elections, interest groups, and the media. they help link or connect citizens to their government and helps give citizens a way to participate that makes their voices heard as well as learn more about their govt and its leaders. interest groups have been criticized for ignoring the wider interest of society, producting confusion and deadlocj in congress, generating so much emotion that they make reasoned discussio =n difficult, and hacing too much influence. political parties v interest gorups. political parties nominate candidates, want to win elections, and are concerned with many issues whereas interest groups don't nominate, want to influence policies, and are comcered with once issue but they still have preference on who gets elected and puts money into this person. what is a lobbyist? someone whose task it is to influence legislation or policymaking. generalky works for an interest group who hires lobbyists? businesses, trade associations, colleges, or universities, foreign countries, local and state government units, or anyone else wanting their voice heard on policy matters. what lobbyists should do a lobbyist must be honest and truthful if he or she wants to remain effective. access to lawmakers is critical and if a lobbyist gets a reputation of being untruthful or disingenuous, legislation doors will close. good lobbyists will also make lawmakers aware of the downsides of a bill and arguments on the other side as well. what gives lobbyists power? access to lawmakers. which is why they are usually former congressmen or active pac contributors why do people join interest groups? solidary incentives, material incentives, purposive incentives what are solidary incentives? social contacts between groups with similar interests, experiences. league of women voters, NAACP, PTSA, American Legion what are material incentives? most common type, for economic reasons. AARP, Farmers group, Labor Unions what are purposive incentives? for moral causes/crusades., right to to life, pro-choice, greenpeace who joins interest groups? wealty and educated upper class - big business. more affluent join and are more active, white collar workers, professional grouos, working class - big labor, labor unions have been very powerful in oast but the AFL-CIO broke up in 2004 cutting big labors power AARP american association of retired persons. benefits for retired people- important voting block. supports both middle age republicans and very old democrats. votes in all kinds of elections. AFL-CIO workplace issues and benefits for workers. labor union/ blue collar workers. usually votes democrat white collar a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs blue collar member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage american bar association concerned with legal issues such as caps on awards to victimes, malpractice. lawyersm usually leans democratic ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) concerned with the bull of rights and cilvil liberties. can be both but more associated with democrat/libertarian AMAp American Med. Association medical issues, stem cell research, malpractice. doctors, usually republican christian coalition religious issues, pro-life. an important voting block. republican league of women voters voting issues, debates. both but many are democrats. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) concerned with issues for voting and ither civil rights issues are an important voting block. african americans, democrats NEA (National Education Association) education issues, protect teacher jobs, generally against NCLB or want them to reform NCLB. teachers. high % usually vote democrat NOW (National Organization for Women) women's issues- pro choice. women, democrats NRA (National Rifle Association) pro-guns a/ 2nd amendment issues, less restrictive gun laws + gun control. republicans + libertarians National Right to Life Committee pro-life/anti-abortion. republicans sierra club environmental issues mostly democrat. veternans of foreign war/american legion veterans concernmed w issued about benefits. both but generally republican. facts about the AARP among those over 50, AARP members are more likely to vote than nonmenbers, economic interest groups most interest groups
are based on economics why are businesses economic interest gorup create favorable environment for business to prosper why is agriculture economic work for price supports from govt but also limit govt influence why is labor economic call public attention to the legitimate needs of working people. accomplishments either hour working dat..child labor laws...minimum wage laws...workplace health and safety laws.. why is professional economic protect and advance their professional field --- to do this, they publish journals, give awards for excellence and communitcate their opinions to govt officials. cause based National Wildlife Federation, League of Women Voters, National Rifle Association, MADD, Emily's List concerned with the welfare of people AARP, NAACP religious organization christian coalition, american jewish congress interrst group direct techniques lobby at capitol hill, have private meetings, meet at social occasions, testify at hearings, drafting legislations, providing political info, supply nomination suggestions interest groups indirects techniques generating public pressure, use public pressure on hot button issues, use constituents to call lawmakers, build an alliance with other hroups what makes an interest group successful? leaders, patrons and funding, and members succesful leaders having a prominent leader aids in the rep. of the group and enhances the group's ability to attain its goals. patrons and funding funding is critical. without money, it is hard to get your message out members a group must have mebers to be successful. organizing members allows for strength in numbers and pooling of financial support. where does the $$ come from? member dues, federal grants, direct mail appeals for cash, internet sites, dinners and fundraisers, PACs political action committee committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates. most PACs represent business, labor, or ideological interests what are PACs known as? political arms of interest groip. they are used to elect or defeat govt officials and promote legisltation the revolving door PACs hire former members of congress to lobby their cold frilds, committees, etc. PAC rules a PAC must register six moths in advance, have atleast 50 contributors, and give to at least 5 candidates. who may establish PACS? corporations, unions, and other associations how much money may PACs recieve from any individual PAC or party commitee? up to $5000, they can also give up to 15,000 annually to any national party committee and 5000 annually to any other pac. who do PACs support? candidates with campaign money. 1/2 sponsored by corporations; 1/10 by union. 1/3 liberal and 2/3 conservative. Who gets the most PAC money? incumbents money limits individuals can give up to $2,700 to a candidate but PACs can give $5,000 to a candidate. federal money will match presidential campaign money but parties need at least 5% vote in the precious year for presidential candidate to receive funds. if that doesn't happen, you need OACs. important PACs the laborers international union of north america, the national association of realtors, the national rifle association, microsoft corp, exxon mobil, emily's list (early money is like yeast, it makes the dough rise) human rights campains where does all the $$ go? if you give you shall recieve, benefits are higher than contribution, more contribution = more benefits. Super PACS super PACs are a new kinf of political action commitee created in July 2010 following the outcome of federal court case speechnow.org c federal action commission (after citizens united case) technically known as inipendent expenditure-only commitees. how much may super PACs raise? unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, associations and individuals. they spend ulimited sums to overtly advocate for or against political candidates. what makes super pacs different? they are prohibited from donating money directly to the political candidate, they must howeverr report their donors to the federal election commsion on a monthly casis- the super PACs choice- as a traditional pac would, what kind of ads to super pacs fund? very negative ones. 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act Have to apply as a lobbyist and report salary, expenses, meetings, who you meet with, etc. 1978 Ethics in Government Act Officials must disclose finances and employment after leaving government service 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act - Must Register and Report clients Jack Abramoff Scandal - "Super-Lobbyist" Abramoff plead guilty to corruption charges in 2006 1st amendment congress shall make no law abdridging the freedom of speech or press. presses.reporters do not have to reveal sources. sources are protected. however, recently some been jailed for reusing. media scorekeeper Keeps track of who is winning and losing, also candidates and their history and approval ratings Media Watchdog exposing scandals media gatekeeper passing judgements on topics that then become national issues. agenda setting and issue framing agenda setting the power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems issue framing the power of the media to influence how events and issues are interpreted 1690s-1830s Partisan Party Press small circulating expenisive to buy, elites only govt. 1840s Penny/Popular Press Partisan views high spreed party/pressless cost mass circulation - needs sensational storiesto sell. subsidized president lzte 1800s early 1900s sensationalism reaches high point. yellow jounrlaism sensationalist unethincal/unprofessional practices by news media organizations or individual journalists. centered in competition between 2 media giants Joseph Pulitzer and William Pancoian. Today's Press still uses some of these techniques: if it bleeds it leads yellow journalsim spanish american war 1st tabloid top z late 19th century. Newspapers stirred up AMerican public. Remember Maine, to hell with SPain 1890s-1920s exposure to curruption by press muckracker isusues like political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturersof patent medicines, labor racketeering, and similar topics most usually associated with progressive era 1890s-1920s muckracker investigative reporter who exposes corruption upton sinclair famous muckracker who exposed meat packing in novel, the jungle radio news 1920s and 1830s FDR fireside speech television 1950s to today. Nixon/Kennedy debates live for voters vietnam on TV is first time immediate coverage- election retyrns, challenger explosion, 9-11 internet 1990s to today major news outlets and blogsm unreliable sites. SOcial media platforms have been increasomgly utilized by politicians to reach supporters or potential voters since 9-11 people watch national news more often. more vieweers more likely to have diff viewpoints. thus, bias claims have grown, HAs news chanhed or just viewers? prob a bit of both print media newspapers, journals, magazines, wire services broadcast media traditional radio and TV stations, Nerwrks and affiliates, cable satellite- CNN, Fox newsm new media internet and blogs government regulations regulates electronic media (Federal communications commission) 1996- telecommuntications act deregulated whole segments of electronic media. tried to bakance corporate profits with consumer needs, Results: Huge conglomerates like Viacom and Time Warner bought huge segments of mefia. 2003 FCC added reforms that allowed media outlets to own more than 1 type in merket (year channel has 6 radio stations in atl) telecommunications act 1996 law overhauling federal regulation. Ended most limits on chain ownership Communications Decency Act failed 1996 and 1999 laws to keep indecent content off the internet. tried to address fears that internet pornography was on the rase. landmark 1997 decision supreme court ruled internet unique medium entitlet to highest protection under free speech . protections- blocked in high federal courts saying it was too broad CDA prohiboted posting indecent or potentially offensice materials in public forumonline discussion list. would have included texts of classic fictionsuch as catcher in the rye and ulysses gave internet fame free speech protection as media government regulations on media regulates electronic media (FCA federall comunications commision) broadcast televiseon and radio - licenses and regulated fcc rules "1 dirty words, janet jackson..fines are applied cable has little or no regulations fairness doctrine abolished radio and TV broadcasters to air contrasting views on major controversial public issue. but some still follow. equal time rule requires = air time for all major candidates competing for political office air time is NOT free, candidates must pay political editiorializing rules abolished in 2000. statooms that endorse candidates for office required to give candidate opponents dree rebuttal time. rigjt of reply rule broadcasting stations obliged to offer reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views wordingimportant; reasonable opportunity rather than equal - coverage not measured with a stopwatch. simply all sides of debate get heard print media newspapers and magazinesnno prior restraint government prohibitionof speech in advamce of publication. 1 fundemental right guaranteed by 1st amendment is freedom from prior reestraintin other words, more freedom and less rules than broadcast mediacan be sued for libel after publication of controversial articles you can only sue after. can a story go to far? libel is it true or false?is it misinterpreted on purpose? obscenity in media- playboy, penthouse, hustler. does it have social value? Hustler Inc v. fairwell does it incite evidence? schneck c FCC v. fox stationsfox broadcasted billboard and used explicative in acceptance allowed fine to stand libel written defamation media coverage of congress senate-broadcasts since 1950. house no cameras until 1978. today its 2417 CSPAN media coverage of president - FDR master of media bully pulpit term stems from T roosevelt's refrence to write house as bully pulput meaning terrific platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda. often used word bully as an adjective mening supreme/wonderful are stories slanted? routine news stories - least biasied since all station, papers will cover. feature stories have more bias, journalists pick and choose something exciting to cover, scandal sells looking for bias in the media bias: word that identifues collecting influence of entire context of a ,messafe. human communication always takes place in a context/medium...hard to stay objective government contstrainsts should government place constraints on journalistsshould reporters struke more of a balance? express moe neutral views 1933 senger published a critical story about governmer and governor sued him and charged with seditious libel, established that it wasnt enough that someone wrote something bad about you, New York Times v. Sullivan NY times allowed for an advertisement taken by Adrican American ministers and LB sullivan filed libel actionand said ad had falses in ut. He loses clse bc for public officials, not only is it flse but also if it were intentional New York Times v. US The President argues that the publication of the Pentagon Papers is in violation of executive privilege. Result: The barring of the publication of these papers is in violation of the 1st A. Publication does not imperial the public. has to be a threat to national security . his case didnt reach enough burden and publication was not affected political effects of the media. reinforcement sopporting positons alrrady heald. filtering audiences values determine whether to agree or disagree with policy positions reported (the effects of political socialization) Slective perception the interpretation of messages so that they agree with already healf belieds
selective exposure The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases. the media seems to have little effect on policy prefrences a) they are onyl reporting what is already going on, functions of elections they serve to legitimize governments, fill public ofices, and allow people with differnent views/policy agendas to come to power. ensures government remains accountable to people and allows for political change. elections allows us to avoid riots, general strikes, coups d'etats Coups d'etat military takeovers of a government. why dont american;s vote? long an complex ballots (confusing to voters and people poorly
informetd), disaffection (determined by money and special interest support- loss of trust in government), legal barrier- some not allowed to vote (photo ID rules 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th amendments fixed this ither legal requirements (age, citizenship)6.Young people/minorities less likely to vote. political efficacy extent to which people feel they have an impact or exert some influence on public affairs internal efficacy beliefs about one;s own competence to understanf and participate in politics (how much knowledge fo I . have about the government and its workings?) external efficacy beliefs about responsiveness of governmental authorities and institutions to citizen demans (does the government listen to the people and respond to their will) voter registration system adopted by states that requires voters to register in advance moter voter act requires states to permit people to register to vote when they apply for driver;s licese. millions added to electorate but election outcomes not affected. efforts to lower costs voting same day registration, easing of registration regulations (no pic id required in most states show many forms of id), exoanison of ballot access (absentee or mail balloting, early voting, other mechanistms) same day registration produces higher turnout atleas 30% of american adults change their home address every 2 years, must reregister. Do fewer voters help Republicans or Democrats? usually republicans increasing categories of voters can make difference in either party who usually wins elections incumbents or challengers? incumbents- 90% in house and 70% in senate who does higher turnout help? incumbent or challenger? generally helps challenger but incumbents usualy still win, seven types of elections caucys, primary, general, initiatives, referendums, recall elections, run-off elections
caucus political party gathers to make political decisions and to select candidates. straw ballots or nonbinding elections may take place in caucus iowa caucus - Most important because it's 1st primary elections select party nominees for general election (held in diff days in diff states) most states force vorers to vote in only 1 primary (dem or rep) run by parties for benefit of parties. In 1-party states, primary election is the only election that matters new hampshire most important primary. major testing grounf for candidates for rep and dem nominations, attracts most attention, candidates who do poorly usually have to drop out and little known, under funded candidates who do well suddendly become contenders. some candidates spend 8-12 months there before electipns open primaries can enter voting booth then decide on party primary in which you will vote closed primaries most reveal your party.be registered member of that party to vote. blanker (or love) primaries voters may choose from both parteies (they may choose dem for governor and rep for senate) Primaries and Delegates - Each party holds primary/caucus superdelegates dont have to indicate candidate preference, compete for position. typically member sof national committee, elected officials like senators or governors, or party leaders. general elections off yeat, presidential, midterm off-year elections (2011 2013 2015) generally odd years, include mayoral races, school boards etc. presidential election years (2000 2004 2008 2012) party nominated candidates and independents. first tuesday after first monday in november. midterm elections (2002 2006 2010) general election but no presidential race. still first tues after first monday in november. both party-nominated candidates and independents but few voters. general election turnout voter turnout highest for general elections. in presidential years, general election turnot highestl=. in midterms, general election turnout decreases in most states initiatives allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to popular vote. Popular in CA and western states referendum allows legislature to submit proposed legislation for popular approval. special elections on certain topics or issues state voters approve or disapprove on proposed legislations often used for constitutional amendments. I.E. GA legislature sponsored. "marriage amendment" passed w overwhelming support marriage amendment o=constitutional amendment 1 appeared on the ballot in GA as legislatively referred amendment recall elections allows citizens to remove someone from office. voters decide whether or not to vote out an offivial runoff elections Allow citizens to pick from top 2 vote candidates AFTER primary or general election instant runoff/ transferrable vote sustem. Allows ballot to be recounted if no candidate wins a majority yellow dog democrat staunch loyalist to dem. party. term first occured in 1928 elections, when al smith ran for president against herbert hoover. southerners hared hoover. blue dog democrates pFiscally conservative Democratic electoral college framers wanted president chosen by the elite of the country, electoral college established. winner takes all system gives bigger emphasis to more populated states. except for NE and ME which use divided elevtor system. state parties choose electors how the electoral college works -each state parties select electors, they use as reward for a faithful service to the party. each state has a winner take all system.
hoe many electoral votes does each state recieve. Electoral votes are determined by the number of representatives in Congress from that state (members of House plus Senators (always 2); Georgia in 2012: 14 Reps in House + 2 Senators = 16 electoral votes). Washington, D.C. gets 3 electoral votes. How many electoral votes does a candidate need to win? 270 electoral votes (which represents the bare minimum majority out of the 538 votes up for grabs). The winner of the popular vote in a state wins ALL of the electoral votes for that state ("winner-take-all" system). The only exceptions...Maine and Nebraska. What happens if no single candidate receives at least 270 electoral votes (the minimum majority)? If no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives elects the President from the 3 Presidential candidates who received the most electoral votes. Each State delegation has one vote. (The Senate would elect the Vice President.) This has happened twice...in 1800 and 1824. low population more wi]eight of persons vote . So does the popular vote even matter? YES. Even though 4 Presidents have been elected despite LOSING the national popular vote, it is not accurate to say the popular vote is meaningless. So where does popular vote really matter?? WITHIN EACH STATE!! Should We Change the Current Electoral System? Use Popular Vote Instead of E. College plurality voting each person casts one vote for a choice and the option with the otion with the most votes wins. hare system this method involves taking an initial poll in which each person casts one vote for his or her favorite option. the option recieving the least number of first place votes is eleinated and then another poll is taken. those who originally voted for the . eliminated option vote their second choice, continually eliminate the least pop. option until a single wnner emerges, the borda count. pThis is a voting method that takes into account each
voter's first, second, and third choices. ssequntial pair-wise voting pThis method involves a
sequence of head-to-head contests. From George Washington's Farewell Address pWarned about dangers of political parties 5 instances where winner of popular vote didn't get presidency: p1824: House selects John Quincy Adams (loser: Andrew Jackson) Party Realignment/Critical Elections pOccurs when new voting coalition appears in election year election if 1800 thomas jefferson (RD) Jeffersonians- states' rights, john adams (F) election of 1828 Andrew jackson (D) common mn=an voters no land requirements John Quincy adams (F) election of 1860 abraham lincoln (R) anti-slavery, Stephen douglas (No. Democray) John C Breckenridge (D) Bell (Constitutional Unionist 1896 william mcKinlet (R) pro business aand city dwellers 1932 pFranklin Delano Roosevelt (D) 1960 John F kennedy (D)(television dabares) v richard nixon (R) 1968 pRichard Nixon (R) 1972 p1972 1980 pRonald Reagan (R) 1984 Ronald Raegan (r) walter Mondale (d) 1992 Bill clinton (D)
Election of 1994** pMidterm election election of 2000 pGeorge W. Bush (R) Election of 2006** pMidterm election 2008 pBarack Obama (Dem) reapportionment seats in house reallocated after each census. states then redistrict sears according to pop growth within state. done by lrgislatures supreme court rules for redistricting and gerrymandering pCongressional districts must be apportioned on basis of pop. Baker v Carr 1961 charles w baker and oteher tenessee citizens alleged that 1901 law designmed to apportion seats for state's general assembly was ignored bakers suit detailed how tennessee reaportionment efforts ignored economic growth and pop shifts within state, courth said yes, supreme court had jurisdicrion over questions of legilative
apportionment.pJustice Brennan provided past examples where Court intervened to correct constitutional violations in matters pertaining to state administration and officers through whom state affairs are conducted. Shaw v. Reno (1993) pCase concerned reapportionment and civil
rights federal election campaidn act of 1971 (feca) broad comprenhensive change in election law Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) Continued... 6. exempted from regulation contributions and expenditures for voluntary fundraising and administration by unions and corporations amendments to FECA pAfter Watergate, distrust of public officials was at peak. public funding for presidential races defined major party as 1 recieved at least 25% vote in last federal election. set up system where private gists to presidential candidate would be matched by funds raised through long act. disclosure and enforcement nTreated loans as contributions. creation of FEC p1975: Congress created Federal Election Commission (FEC) to administer/enforce FECA - statute that governs financing of federal elections. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) pFacts hard money pGiven directly to candidates: Limited by law soft money pContributed to political parties with no limits or rules bipartisan campaifn reform act pPassed in 2002 527's groups that developed from loopholes in McCain-Feingold act. many run by special interest groups, used to raise unlimited amounts of $ to spend on issue advocacy or voter mobilixation. dont give money to any particular campaign/candidate not regulated by FEC The 527 Loophole pForm of soft money used to pay for 527 ads that don't expressly
advocate election/defeat of particular candidate. 'Swiftboating" May 5, 2004: RNC accused MoveOn.org and others 527's of coordinating efforts with Kerry
campaign Citizens United v FEC (2010) citizens united sought injunction against FEC to prevent application of BCRA to film hillary"the movie. nMovie expressed opinions about whether Senator Hilary
Rodham Clinton would make good president. importandce of citizens united v. FEC pRules Left in Place direct primary A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office Initiative A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment. critical election An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty. wedge issues a controversial issue that one party uses to split the voters in the other party purple electorate where popular support for the Republican Party (red) and Democratic Party (blue) is approximately equal; such states, in elections for the President of the United States, are termed "swing states" and are highly targeted on account of the Electoral College system of electing ... prospective voting model model of voting in which citizens select candidates based on what they promise to accomplish once in office retrospective voting voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office direct v indirect primary form of closed primary valence issue concerns or policies that are viewed in the same way by people with a variety of ideologies. In other words, issues that are uniformly considered desirable or undesirable by most in the electorate. Politicians may be debating minor details but the major thrust for what is being advocated is the same. For example, corruption is a valence issue because the major ideologies see corruption as undesirable. Of recent, there may be changes in how the parties define or understand corruption but the concept of corruption is typically considered undesirable. Saliency speaks to the degree or level of importance accorded to an issue. The more divisive issues tend to hold a higher saliency. For example, questions about reform of the Social Security hold high saliency for senior citizens just as the lack of job opportunities or college loans may have high saliency for people eighteen to twenty years of age since the unemployment rate is higher among younger people than that of older age groups. Sets with similar termsPolitics and Elections107 terms Sandy_Vingoe Voting & American Politics42 terms quizmaddietime AP Government Unit 3 terms81 terms Naiset_Perez Unit 2240 terms drew_wilson6 Other sets by this creatorpreguntas problemáticas 229 terms nividileepPLUS Archetypes 237 terms nividileepPLUS Archetypes Quiz 118 terms nividileepPLUS hamlet29 terms nividileepPLUS Recommended textbook solutionsStreet Law: A Course in Practical Law9th EditionMcGraw-Hill Education 808 solutions Magruder's American Government1st EditionSavvas Learning Co 555 solutions United States Government: Our Democracy1st EditionDonald A. Ritchie, Richard C. Remy 1,148 solutions
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How are political parties linkage institutions quizlet?Political parties sever as linkage institutions by picking the candidates, running the candidates, giving cues to voters, articulating policies, and by coordinating policymaking.
Why are political parties linkage institutions?Linkage institutions provide the means to connect those individuals within a society to the centralized authority. Political exclusions and oligarchical tendencies within societies create "linkage failures". These events create contentions within society and act as motivators towards social protests and rebellion.
Which of the following is a linkage function of political parties quizlet?One important function of political parties as a linkage institution is the nominating (running and recruiting) of candidates for elected offices. They also provide political choices to voters.
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