Which of the following characteristics relates to the formal operational stage?

The formal operational stage is the last of four stages proposed by Jean Piaget to describe the cognitive development of infants, children, and adolescents. Piaget was a developmental biologist who became interested in closely observing and recording the intellectual abilities of children. Piaget proposed that cognitive development progressed in stages and categorized these stages by children’s ages.

Birth to approximately 2 years is the sensorimotor stage. The preoperational stage (ages 2-7) moves from toddlerhood through early childhood. The concrete operational stage is from ages 7-12. The formal operational stage occurs from 12 years into adulthood.1

Piaget recognized that children could pass through the stages at various ages other than what he proposed as normal, but he insisted that cognitive development always follows this sequence and that stages could not be skipped. Each stage marked new intellectual abilities and a more complex understanding of the world.2

By approximately 12 years of age, adolescents enter the formal operational stage that takes them into adulthood. Emerging abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning mark this stage of cognitive development. In earlier stages, children relied on trial and error to solve problems. In the formal operational stage, children have the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way. They are capable of thinking about abstract and hypothetical ideas that lead to multiple solutions or possible outcomes. Piaget referred to this as “hypothetico-deductive reasoning.” The ability to consider many different solutions to a problem before acting increases efficiency, avoiding potentially unsuccessful attempts at solving a problem.

Thinking becomes more sophisticated and advanced with skills of logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning. Deductive reasoning requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a particular outcome and is used in science and mathematics to solve problems. The ability to think about abstract concepts allows children to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions they have not yet experienced. This type of thinking is valuable for long-term planning. Children at this stage also develop what is known as metacognition, the ability to think about their thoughts as well as the ideas of others.3

Six new conceptual skills appear during adolescence in the formal operational stage:

1. The capability to mentally control more than two types of variables at the same time.
2. The capability to think about modifications that may occur with time.
3. The ability to imagine rational series of events.
4. The capability of predicting results of actions.
5. The capacity to sense reasonable steadiness or contradictions in a set of statements.
6. The capability to think of themselves, others, and the world in a real way.4

Adolescents are able to think about thinking. At this stage they begin to talk about what they believe and value and about faith and motives.5 They can conceptualize alternative organizations of the world and about deep questions concerning meaning, truth, justice, and morality. Having these lofty thoughts liberates them from childhood and elevates them to think they are equal with adults.6

Formal thought begins in adolescence and continues throughout the adult years. It allows us to solve complex problems, hypothesize, and project ourselves into the future. However, what else characterizes this kind of thinking?

Last update: 17 July, 2022

The formal operational stage of thought is part of the theory of cognitive development developed by the Swiss psychologist, epistemologist, and biologist Jean Piaget. This theory offers a comprehensive explanation of the nature and development of human intelligence.

Piaget described the development of thought as having four stages. The last one is the stage of formal thought which usually appears at the beginning of adolescence, at around the age of 11.

Formal thought allows the adolescent to begin to elaborate increasingly complex hypotheses of reality based on the future. In addition, it contributes to them being more capable of thinking beyond the immediate present. In turn, this allows them to project themselves into a future reality.

Let’s take a closer look at this stage and how it unfolds.

The development of formal thought

The formal operational stage of thought is a phase of cognitive development that begins in the early years of adolescence. It’s characterized by the ability to leave the concrete present and begin to develop abstract representations of reality.

Jean Piaget was the first to speak of it. He claimed it was a milestone that the vast majority of us reach, regardless of our social and educational context.

As a rule, we enter the formal operational stage of thought at the beginning of adolescence. According to Piaget, adolescence ranges from 11 to 20 years. It’s configured as the last cognitive stage of development. The previous stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational.

Childhood: thinking based on the ‘here and now’

When children are young, they live in the ‘here and now’. Their reality and thoughts merge into a single moment, which is the present. Thus, when they have to develop thoughts or reasoning, they’re based on the present.

Young children don’t go beyond the present moment. This corresponds to the milestones of their cognitive development. As the years go by and they grow, they develop the ability to establish mental operations by combining different tenses. For example, they’re able to use their imagination with ease to travel to both the future and the past and connect events that appear to be unrelated.

The formal operational stage of thought: Going beyond the present

In the formal operational stage of thought, children acquire the ability to make hypotheses that go beyond what they see with their eyes. They begin to analyze and develop thoughts beyond their current reality. In fact, they no longer use only what they see, but also what’s not in front of them.

In addition, they also use natural laws to understand and explain certain phenomena.

To understand it better, let’s take an example. Imagine that it’s raining. A small child may give the following explanation: water falls from the sky because there are clouds. On the other hand, an adolescent (who’s already reached the formal operational stage) could go beyond what they see, and try to find an origin in what their senses don’t perceive.

Characteristics of the formal operational stage of thought

Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder, a Swiss psychologist, were leaders in the study of formal thought. They talked about some important characteristics in this particular cognitive stage.

According to them, it’s adolescence when brain flexibility allows new brain processes to be activated. This helps us generate new theories and opinions on various topics.

Consequently, the adolescent begins to develop abstract hypotheses that they’ll use, in the future, to contrast with reality.

However, within this phase, there are a number of aspects that must be taken into account:

The importance of language

At this stage, language acquires an increasingly important role. Teenagers no longer only reason about physical aspects of reality, but also about those related to language.

Complex statements

Adolescents are also able to understand complex sentences, something they couldn’t do in childhood. In addition, they’re capable of elaborating and understanding more complex and abstract statements.

With this ability, they can describe reality in more detail. For example, through subordinate and conditional clauses.

Problem resolution

According to Piaget and Inhelder, the formal operational stage is also useful for problem-solving. This is a type of thinking that allows access to the information, to be able to organize it, and discard what isn’t relevant. For instance, to try and predict what’ll happen in the next few days.

“The essential functions of the mind consist of understanding and invention, that is, the construction of structures by structuring reality.”

-Jean Piaget-

Predictions and hypotheses

As we said, in this cognitive stage, the analyses that adolescents carry out are no longer based only on what they can see, but on what they can imagine, hypothesize, or predict. Furthermore, they don’t only just analyze behavior or people but also feelings and emotions. This implies ‘going beyond’ what they see.

For example, a child may say that they love their siblings because they belong to their family. A teenager might also say this but include that they also value aspects such as the support they offer, their love and affection, their understanding, etc.

Formal thinking characterizes the last stage of cognitive development. Through it, we can make reflections and analyses that go beyond tangible reality.

In short, thanks to the formal operational stage of thinking, we acquire mental flexibility and are capable of understanding (and elaborating) increasingly complex statements. It’s useful for solving problems and allowing us to have abstract ideas, as well as ‘possible’ ideas and not only ‘real’ ones.

“Scientific thought, then, is not momentary, it is not a static instance, but rather it is a process.”

-Jean Piaget-

The Cognitive Stages According to Piaget

In this article, we're going to tell all about the different cognitive stages according to Piaget. Keep reading to find out more.

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