What are the three dimensions of HDI

The HDI is a summary composite measure of a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge and standard of living. It is a measure of a country's average achievements in three dimensions of human development:

• a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth;
• knowledge, as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and
• a decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita in PPP terms in US$.

The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called "goalposts", then shows where each country stands in relation to these goalposts. This is expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The higher a country's human development, the higher its HDI value.

What are the consequences and implications?

The HDI is used to capture the attention of policy-makers, the media and nongovernmental organizations, and to change the focus from the usual economic statistics to human outcomes. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth.

The HDI is also used to question national policy choices and to determine how two countries with the same level of income per person can have widely different human development outcomes. For example, two countries may have similar incomes per person, but have drastically differing life expectancy and literacy levels, such that one of the countries has a much higher HDI than the other. These contrasts stimulate debate on government policies concerning health and education to determine why what can be achieved in one country is beyond the reach of the other.

The HDI is also used to highlight differences within countries, between provinces or states, and across genders, ethnicities and other socioeconomic groupings. Highlighting internal disparities along these lines has raised the national debate in many countries.

Source of data

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human development data (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/). 

Further reading

Klugman J, Rodríguez F, Choi HJ. The HDI 2010: new controversies, old critiques. Human Development Research Paper 2011/01. New York: United Nations Development Programme; 2011 (http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/hdi-2010-new-controversies-old-critiques).

Every year, UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) places the countries considering the HDI report issued in the annual report. It is one of the best tools to keep the record of a nation’s level of economic development, as it comprises all major social and economic indicators.

Dimensions of human development

• Access to knowledge: The total number of years of schooling in India was thought to be 12.2 years as per the report. Between 1990 and 2019, India’s mean years of schooling remained high by 3.5 years, and expected years of schooling has risen by 4.5 years.
• Long and Healthy life: The report states that Life expectancy at birth is 69.7 years. It is somewhat reduced than the South Asian average of 69.9 years. Between 1990 and 2019, India’s life expectancy at birth has risen by 11.8 years
• Standard of living: India’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is USD 6,681, and between 1990 and 2019, it saw an increase of nearly 273.9%.

Indicators of Human Development Index

1. HDI rank: Out of 189 countries, India has been at 131st rank in the Human Development Index as per the latest report. It fell in the medium human development category with an HDI value of 0.645. India ranked at 129th position in 2019. The report revealed that Norway made it to the top of the index list, followed by Ireland, Switzerland, Hong Kong and Iceland.
2. Life expectancy: Here, it states about a specific person who is anticipated to live from an age group, ranging from people to people across all ages.
3. Life expectancy at birth: In India, for males, it is 67.34 years, while for females, it is 69.64 years.
4. Maternal mortality rate: It tells about the aggregate number of dying mothers out of 1000 mothers while giving birth to babies. As per the 2011–13 census, the maternal mortality rate in India is 167 deaths. The 2021 census outcomes await.
5. Infant mortality rate: It states the total number of infants dying below one year out of 1000 babies. In India, the infant mortality rate is 40.5 infants.
6. Adult literacy ratio: It means the number of people of both genders, i.e. male and female ageing above 15 years, have the potential to read, write as well as learn.

HDI Indexes of India:

• Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI): It states the HDI value adjusted for inequalities in the three fundamental dimensions of human development. Its value stands at 0.475. 
• Gender Development Index (GDI): GDI is the ratio of female to male HDI values, and it performed at the value of 0.820
• Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): The precise percentage of the populace that is multidimensionally underprivileged without access to facilities. The speed of the deprivations adjusts it. The value stands at 0.123.
• Gender Inequality Index (GII): It is a composite measure showcasing inequality in the achievement of growth between women and men in three key dimensions: empowerment, reproductive health, and the labour market.

UNDP Resident Representative Shoko Noda said India’s low ranking doesn’t mean “India didn’t do well but other countries did better”. It should appreciate other countries, and it has reduced carbon emissions, Noda added.

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