Cognitive psychology and the role of the computer in the development of this Field
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Terms in this set (116)Cognition literally means knowing Cognitive psychology focuses on the way humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviorists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses. In other words, they are interested in the variables that mediate between stimulus/input and response/output Cognitive psychologists study internal processes including: perception Cognitive psychology became of great importance in the mid 1950s. Several factors were important in this: dissatisfaction with the behaviorist approach in its simple emphasis on external behavior rather than internal processes the development of better experimental methods comparison between human and computer processing of information The cognitive approach began to revolutionize psychology in the late ___ and early ___, to become the dominant approach (i.e. perspective) in psychology by the late ____. 1950's The cognitive revolution -took place at Harvard Information processing approach assumptions 1. information made available by the environment is processed by a series of processing systems (e.g. attention, perception, short-term memory) 2. these processing systems transform or alter the information in systematic ways 3. the aim of research is to specify the processes and structures that underlie cognitive performance 4. information processing in humans resembles that in computers Computer-mind analogy -the computer gave cognitive psychologists an analogy to which they could compare human mental processing. Essentially, a computer codes (i.e. changes) information, stores information, uses information, and produces an output (retrieves info). The idea of information processing was adopted by cognitive psychologists as a model of how human thought works. computer-mind analogy visual information example For example, the eye receives visual information and codes information into electric neural activity which is fed back to the brain where it is "stored" and "coded". This information is can be used by other parts of the brain relating to mental activities such as memory, perception and attention. The output (i.e. behavior) might be, for example, to read what you can see on a printed page The information processing approach characterizes thinking as the environment providing input of data, which is then transformed by our senses. The information can be stored, retrieved and transformed using 'mental programs' with the results being behavioral responses Information processing and attention When we are selectively attending to one activity, we tend to ignore other stimulation, although our attention can be distracted by something else, like the telephone ringing or someone using our name selective attention what makes us attend to one thing rather than another attentional capacity how many things we can attend to at the same time Broadbent and others in the 1950's adopted a model of the brain as a limited capacity information processing system, through which external input is transmitted. Information processing system Information processing models consist of a series of stages, or boxes, which represent stages of processing. Arrows indicate the flow of information from one stage to the next. Information processing system: input processes are concerned with the analysis of the stimuli Information processing system: storage processes cover everything that happens to stimuli internally in the brain and can include coding and manipulation of the stimuli Information processing system: output processes are responsible for preparing an appropriate response to a stimulus Serial processing effectively means one process has to be completed before the next starts. Parallel processing assumes some or all processes involved in a cognitive task(s) occur at the same time. Evidence from dual-task experiments with regard to parallel processing There is evidence from dual-task experiments that parallel processing is possible. It is difficult to determine whether a particular task is processed in a serial or parallel fashion as it probably depends Parallel processing is probably more frequent when someone is highly skilled; for example a skilled typist thinks several letters ahead, a novice focuses on just 1 letter at a time. The analogy between human cognition and computer functioning adopted by the information processing approach is limited. Computers can be regarded as information processing systems insofar as they: combine information presented with stored information to provide solutions to a variety of problems and most computers have a central processor of limited capacity and it is usually assumed that capacity limitations affect the human attentional system Differences between humans and computers in regard to information processing systems the human brain has the capacity for extensive parallel processing and computers often rely on serial processing humans are influenced in their cognitions by a number of conflicting emotional and motivational factors The evidence for the theories/models of attention which come under the information processing approach is largely based on experiments under controlled, scientific conditions. Most laboratory studies are artificial and could be said to lack ecological validity Wundt wanted to study the structure of the human mind (using ____).Wundt believed in reductionism. That is he believed: introspection consciousness could be broken down (or reduced) to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole. Wundt argued that conscious mental states could be scientifically studied using _____. introspection The term "nomothetic" comes from the Greek word "nomos" meaning "law". Psychologists who adopt this approach are mainly concerned with studying what we share with others. That is to say in establishing laws or generalizations. The term "idiographic" comes from the Greek word "idios" meaning "own" or "private". Psychologists interested in this aspect of experience want to discover what makes each of us unique.
Piaget (1952) defined a schema as a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning In more simple terms Piaget called the schema the basic building block of intelligent behavior - a way of organizing knowledge. Indeed, it is useful to think of schemas as "units" of knowledge, each relating to one aspect of the world, including objects, actions and abstract (i.e. theoretical) concepts. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of: mental processes how people learn, structure, store and use knowledge "Knowledge": broadly defined here as Cognitive psychology relies on the scientific method a combination of logical deduction and empirical hypothesis testing Cognitive psychology is a major domain within the larger field of: cognitive science Cognitive science philosophical and empirical study of mind Traditionally, three things we can observe to observe the 'mind' ourselves (thoughts and sensory info) Perspectives developed to deal with observing the mind introspection cognitivism
A theoretical approach that assumes the mind works like a computer. In other words, an approach to understanding the mind which argues that mental function can be understood as the "internal" manipulation of symbols. introspection A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings behaviorism
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior neuroscience A relatively new interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes. cognitive neuroscience The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). B F Skinner cognitive approach criticism believes that only external stimulus - response behavior should be studied as this can be scientifically measured. Therefore, mediation processes (between stimulus and response) do not exist as they cannot be seen and measured. Skinner continues to find problems with cognitive research methods, namely introspection (as used by Wilhelm Wundt) due to its subjective and unscientific nature. Carl Rogers criticism of cognitive psychology believes that the use of laboratory experiments by cognitive psychology have low ecological validity and create an artificial environment due to the control over variables. Rogers emphasizes a more holistic approach to understanding behavior. Behaviorism assumes that people are born a blank slate (tabula rasa) and are not born with cognitive functions like schemas, memory or perception The early history of psychology was dominated by two major schools of thought: structuralism Structuralism An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. The mind is composed of elemental units of experience Structuralism was based on the method of introspection pioneered by __ and developed by ___ Wundt Problems with introspection unreliable different observers too often give different introspective reports in the experimental conditions arranged by the researchers cognition does not necessarily register in consciousness ________arose as an alternative school of thought to structuralism Functionalism Functionalism
A system of thought in psychology that was concerned with studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments. ___, ____ and other functionalists studied the mental processes that mediated between the environment and the organism. Functionalism addressed _____, rather than its ____ what the mind is for Today's cognitive psychologists are concerned with both: structural architecture of the mind Talk about stimuli and responses, ignore the rest behaviorist John B Watson American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes 1913 - "Psychology as the behaviorist views it" Thought was 'subvocal speech' behaviorism Behaviorism is different from most other approaches because they view people (and animals) as controlled by their environment and specifically that we are the result of what we have learned from our environment. Behaviorism is concerned with how environmental factors (called ___) affect observable behavior (called the ___). stimuli The behaviorist approach proposes two main processes whereby people learn from their environment: namely classical conditioning involves learning by association classical conditioning involves learning from consequences of behavior operant conditioning Behaviorism believes in scientific methodology (e.g. controlled experiments), and that only observable behavior should be studies because this can be objectively measured. Behaviorism rejects the idea that people have ___ and believes that the ___ determines all behavior free will Behaviorism is the scientific study of observable behavior working on the basis that behavior can be reduced to learned S-R (stimulus-response) units Classical conditioning studied by the Ivan Pavlov. Though looking into natural reflexes and neutral stimuli he managed to condition dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell through repeated associated of the sound of the bell and food. The principles of CC have been applied in many therapies. These include systematic desensitization for phobias (step-by-step exposed to feared stimulus at once) and aversion therapy. operant conditioning B.F. Skinner investigated operant conditioning of voluntary and involuntary behavior. Skinner felt that some behavior could be explained by the person's motive. Therefore behavior occurs for a reason, and the three main behavior shaping techniques are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning neutral stimulus will provoke same response. Classical conditioning - Unconditioned stimulus (US) = sight of food Frequency of given behavior increases in operant conditioning Operant conditioning provide positive reinforcement operant conditioning provide positive punishment behaviorism stimuli Behaviorism eliminated the discussion of consciousness and introspective reports on the contents of consciousness and reduced the scope of the field to the study of observable behavior Behaviorism unscientific Skinner's operant conditioning began with Thorndyke's ____ whereby law of effect In operant conditioning, a response comes under the control of a ____. The response increases in frequency as a result of ____ and decreases in frequency as a result of ____ stimulus For Skinner, the history of reinforcement and punishment determined one's present behavior Mind as a vending machine behaviorist Edward Chance Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists (though called himself a behaviorist); used behavior to infer mental processes; rats in a maze to demonstrate the cognitive map cognitive map A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. Cognitive mapping is believed to largely be a function of the ______. The ______is connected to the rest of the brain in such a way that it is ideal for: hippocampus Tolman rats and mazes experient a rat was placed in a cross shaped maze and allowed to explore it. After this initial exploration, the rat was placed at one arm of the cross and food was placed at the next arm to the immediate right. The rat was conditioned to this layout and learned to turn right at the intersection in order to get to the food. When placed at different arms of the cross maze however, the rat still went in the correct direction to obtain the food because of the initial cognitive map it had created of the maze. Rather than just deciding to turn right at the intersection no matter what, the rat was able to determine the correct way to the food no matter where in the maze it was placed Found that rats that learned to run through a • "Cognitive maps" - an internal representation - Problems with behaviorist approach Behavior in response to same stimulus is too infer what is going on inside the
box cognitive Cognitive approach Individual processes can be studied in isolation The information processing approach metatheory that influences the way cognitive psychologists think about the mind metatheory Theory about theory; the stated or inherent assumptions made when creating a theory Computational view of the mind hardware Computational view of the mind program try to understand what happens to information in the mind coding, storage, retrieval, input, output, capacity computational view of the mind hard drive computational view of the mind RAM Broadbent proposed one of the first models based on an information-processing analysis (a filter model to account for performance on selective listening tasks). discovered this when asking subjects to listen to two different messages and the subject can only attune to one because of filter physical symbol hypothesis The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon. In their own words, "a system is capable of inputting, outputting, storing, and modifying symbol structures, and carrying out some of these actions in response to the symbols themselves." Information is a reduction of uncertainty ___, not information in the mathematical sense, is the focus of human mental life meaning Problems for cognitive science perception Core concepts of cognitive psychology mental representation Mental representation An unobservable internal code for information. Stages of processing Processes modify mental representations Serial versus parallel processing At a given stage of processing, cognitive
hierarchical systems Mind as a hierarchy of component parts Measuring information processing reaction time (RT) accuracy Experimental Method 1) manipulate independent variables (IV); i.e., cognitive architecture the design or organization of the mind's information processing components and systems The distinction between a working memory system and a long-term memory system is an architectural distinction A module is a set of process that are automatic, fast, and encapsulated apart from other cognitive systems Symbolic cognitive architectures symbolic models connectionist cognitive architetures connectionist models Consciousness Self-knowledge—knowledge of self in Informational access—capacity to be Sentience—capacity for raw sensations, Emotion The relation of emotion and cognition is now a It's still unclear if fear, anger, sadness, and so Cognitive methods of research Behavioral (e.g., response times, verbal reports) What happened that caused the 'cognitive revolution" American psychologists rejected behaviorism and adopted a model of mind based on the computer From the 1920s through the 1950s, American psychology was dominated by behaviorism Hermann Ebbinghaus The history of modern memory research can be said to begin in 1885 with Ebbinghaus used meaningless strings of letters to study the capacity of our memory system Tichener belonged to school of structuralism used introspection and asked subjects to report on their current conscious experiences work spawned three other systems of thought in reaction to structuralism: functionalism, behaviorism and Gestalt psychology a Wundt-trained psychologist Noam Chomsky linguist opposed the behaviorist's position that speech is best explained by operant conditioning, that language is acquired by reinforcement. Argued that since children say things that they could not have heard adults say and that since even adults use language in novel and creative ways, speech could not possibly be due to reinforcement. believed that language study is the most viable route to understanding the mind. Three general research methods used in the study of human cognition: measurement of the time elapsed between a stimulus presentation and the subject's response to it; reaction time measurements focused on eye movements have been used to study reading and language
comprehension. brain imaging McClelland and Rumelhart Accounts of human information processing used to assume that the brain processed information serially McClelland and Rumelhart publisehd book about parallel distributed processes (PDP) proposing that information processing is distributed across the brain and is done in a parallel fashion. Students also viewedap psych units 1&215 terms Jenna_AbbuhlPLUS Poetry Term Review67 terms Erin_Kidder exam 3-practice test93 terms govreaua ap psych memory50 terms abby-fossey Sets found in the same folderCognitive-Chapter859 terms cdruzic Cognitive Processing Language 139 terms BrittanyALee Cognitive Psychology: Chapter 1246 terms leahrec Cog Psych Chapter 2 Exam Review45 terms Mollymay24 Other sets by this creatorLinFinal103 terms KScotti1 Final.7191 terms KScotti1 Final-Psych201 terms KScotti1 Psy.Final.CH1.SciencePsychology91 terms KScotti1 Verified questions
psychology Which theory of motivation would best explain why some people engage in high-risk activities, such as sky-diving or mountain climbing? Verified answer psychology Which of the following most accurately describes a projective test? a. A test designed to reveal a person's inner ability to do a task he or she has not tried before. b. A test that shows ii person 's true preferences, based on responses to multiple-choice questions. c. A test that indicates the level of indifference to pain that a person experiences. d. A test created to see if one has an anxiety-inducing problem, but is instead claiming that others have that problem. e. A test that prompts a person to reveal sudden conflicts by responding to ambiguous stimuli. Verified answer
psychology What is the goal of psychoanalysis? What does the therapist do to achieve this goal? Verified answer
psychology How do organizational systems help the mind store memories? How do they help the mind retrieve memories? Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions
Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Other Quizlet setsCh 4 Religion We Believe16 terms RSchlabach BSMS203_T2L1729 terms imad_chowdhury Ch. 12: Aggregate Demand II32 terms zayne317 Invertebrate Diversity Exam35 terms AReeves82 What was the importance of the computer to the development of cognitive psychology?The computer gave cognitive psychologists a metaphor, or analogy, to which they could compare human mental processing. The use of the computer as a tool for thinking how the human mind handles information is known as the computer analogy.
What is the computer model cognitive psychology?Cognitive modeling is an area of computer science that deals with simulating human problem-solving and mental processing in a computerized model. Such a model can be used to simulate or predict human behavior or performance on tasks similar to the ones modeled and improve human-computer interaction.
What is the role of computer in psychology?Computers can be also very helpful in all psychological research-especially as virtual reality environment for arranging experiment scenario and as systems for registration human behavior as a major result of such experiments.
How theoretical and computer models are used in cognitive psychology?Theoretical and computer models: Theoretical models suggest that the mind processes information in a systematic way, for example the multi-store model of memory. Computer models suggest that the mind works like a computer, turning information into a format in which it can be stored (coding).
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