The two types of packet filtering are

Introduction

Packet filtering firewall is a network security technique that is used to control data flow to and from a network. It is a security mechanism that allows the movement of packets across the network and controls their flow on the basis of a set of rules, protocols, IP addresses, and ports. 

Let’s understand

What is a packet filtering firewall?

Packet filtering protects a local network from undesired invasion depending upon the predefined rules. The information passes through a network in the form of small pieces called packets, which travel independently across IP networks. These small packets travel through a node only if they match with predefined filtering rules otherwise get dropped. Hence, the filtering rules that are defined by the network layer firewalls in a packet filtering firewall prove to be highly efficient in providing security mechanisms. 

In this article we will discuss:

1. Packet filtering firewall diagram.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of packet filtering firewall.
3. Packet filtering firewall example.

1. Packet Filtering Firewall Diagram

Packet filtering controls (allows or drops) packet or data transfer based on the following standards:

• The address the packet is coming from.
• The address the packet is going to.
• The application protocols or rules set to transfer the data.

The packets filtering firewall shows how filtration is executed on the firewall. The packet filtering firewall checks access control lists (ACLs) to separate packets depending upon the upper-layer protocol ID, source and destination port numbers, source and destination IP addresses, and packet transmission route.

• The packet filtering firewall analyses for the source and destination IP addresses, source, and destination port numbers, and protocol IDs of IP packets as per an ACL. The firewall checks for the information contained in the IP, TCP, or UDP header, and then it decides to accept or drop the packet depending upon the ACL.
• The firewall can allow the fragment type packets after comparing the information with the ACL. 
• Additionally, it has a default method, set by users, that allows the packets to pass even if these do not qualify with the ACL. 

As shown in figure 1, the passage of packets depends entirely on the decision of the packet filtering router firewall. It filters the packets according to the security protocols programmed into the router using the firewall rules. These packet filtering firewall rules are set up by users to build protection against packets transmission and allow only packets that match certain IP addresses or ports. Users may specify rules that will permit only those packets that are meant for their server and decline all other packets. For example, rules may be set to completely reject packets heading for the ports used by NetBIOS, which in turn prevents unwanted intrusion of Internet hackers on NetBIOS server resources.

A packet-filtering firewall can be distinguished into the following types based on the usage of rules:

• Static packet filtering firewall: In this type of firewall rules are established manually, and the connection between the internal and external networks left open or closed at all times until changed manually.
• Dynamic packet filtering firewall: This type of firewall is a more intelligent way of filtering as rules may be changed dynamically depending upon the conditions, and ports are open only for a specific time otherwise remains closed.
• Stateful packet filtering firewall: It uses a presettable for maintaining a secure connection, and packets pass through in a sequence as approved by the filter rules.

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Filtering Firewall

Packet-filtering firewalls usually run on either general-purpose computers/routers or a special-purpose router and have their share of packet filtering firewall advantages and disadvantages.

Packet filtering is an efficient defense system against intrusions from computers or networks outside a local area network (LAN). It is also a standard and cost-effective means of protection as most routing devices itself possess integrated filtering capabilities, so there is no need for setting a new firewall device. Following are some of the prominent advantages of packet filtering firewall that makes it highly acceptable worldwide:

• Need only one router: The key advantage of using packet filtering is that it requires the use of only one screening router to protect an entire network. 
• Highly efficient and fast: The packet filtering router works very fast and effectively and accepts and rejects the packets quickly based upon the destination and source ports and addresses. However, other firewall techniques show more time-consuming performance.
• Transparent to users: Packet filtering works independently without any need for user knowledge or cooperation. Users won’t get to know about the transmission of packets until there is something that got rejected. On the contrary, other firewalls require custom software, the configuration of client machines, or specific training or procedures for users.
• Built-in packet filtering in routers: Packet filtering capacities are inbuilt in widely used hardware and software routing products. Additionally, now most websites possess packet filtering techniques available in their routers itself, which also makes this technique the most inexpensive one. 

Although packet filtering offers several advantages, it also has some weaknesses. Some of the disadvantages of a packet filtering firewall are:

• Filtration based on IP address or Port Information: The biggest disadvantage of packet filtering is that it works on the authentication of IP address and port number and not based on the information like context or application.
• Packet filtering is stateless: Another big disadvantage of packet filtering is that it does not remember any past invasions or filtered packets. It tests every packet in isolation and is stateless which allows hackers to break the firewall easily. 
• No safety from address spoofing: The packet filtering does not protect from IP spoofing, in which hackers can insert fake IP addresses in packets to intrude the network.
• Not a perfect option for all networks: The packet filtering firewalls implementation in highly desirable filters becomes difficult or highly time-consuming. Managing and configuring ACLs sometimes get difficult.

3. Packet Filtering Firewall Example

Packet filters act on the source and destination IP and port addresses that are present in each TCP/IP packet. You can set rules allowing access to only familiar and established IP addresses and denying access to all unknown or unrecognized IP addresses. 

For example, if you set rules denying access to port 80 to outsiders, you would block off all outside access to the HTTP server as most HTTP servers run on port 80. Alternatively, you can set packet filtering firewall rules permitting packets designated for your mail or web server and rejecting all other packets.

Despite its weaknesses, packet filter firewalls are widely used for being leverage and inexpensive. It controls the movement of information/packets according to a set of rules defined by the user and protects the network from unwanted intrusion or attacks. Thus, it acts as a powerful security tool and provides a good level of security to the network.

Also Read

• Firewall Configuration: A Useful 4 Step Guide
• What is a Firewall: Everything To Know in 7 Easy Points

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