What genetic evidence supports the Out of Africa hypothesis of human origin quizlet?
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Terms in this set (117)make it difficult to detect the complete outline of an animal Disruptive coloration: bipedalism and dentition What are the distinguishing features of the hominin lineage? increase in brain size What was the major transition from archaic hominins to the genus Homo? many hominin species coexisted during most of the evolutionary history of humans. In the figure, each horizontal box represents a separate species. Based on this figure, the multiregional hypothesis and the out-of-Africa hypothesis, respectively What do the two diagrams (A and B) illustrate regarding human evolution? ... Differences among modern human populations are due to geographic separation for 2 million years. Which of the following evidence does NOT support the out-of-Africa hypothesis? all of the apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and gibbons Which of the following most accurately describes the hominoids (members of the superfamily Hominoidea)? The coalescent event between alleles predates the speciation event separating the lineages. Why does the process of deep coalescence result in incomplete lineage sorting? This area experienced cooling temperatures and seasonal patterns of rainfall, resulting in a shift to savanna. How did the ecology of the African tropics change about 6 million years ago? Bipedal locomotion resulted in the evolution of larger brains and language. As a result of the ecological changes that occurred in the African tropics ~ 6 million years ago, the Hominina moved on to the savanna while chimpanzees and gorillas remained in the forest. One of the early adaptations by Hominina was the evolution of bipedal locomotion. Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis for why bipedal locomotion was favored? She is the mtDNA coalescent of living humans; the timing of coalescence indicates greater mitochondrial diversity in Africa than the rest of the world, supporting an African origin for modern humans. Who was "mitochondrial Eve" and how does she support the out-of-Africa hypothesis? Neanderthals were heavier, stronger, and stockier, with a more pronounced brow ridge and larger eyes. How do Neanderthals physically differ from modern humans? Homo sapiens As an archaeologist, a colleague asks you to confirm her identification of some fossilized burial remains of a hominin. The fossils were discovered relatively undisturbed, deep in a cave where the body was protected from scavengers. The hands of the skeleton were deliberately folded across the chest and a crude flute was clasped between the hands. The skull had a greatly reduced brow ridge and a flat face. Charcoal remains near the entrance of the cave included charred bones of a large game animal that date to approximately the same time as the skeleton; the bones were clearly scored by a tool. As which species of hominin would you identify the remains? They found that genomes of African humans do not contain Neanderthal-derived DNA, but 1% to 4% of the genome of typical non-African humans is derived from Neanderthals, indicating interbreeding. What did Richard Green et al. conclude from their study about interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans? Human variation is largely derived from what was present in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa, but a limited amount of variation has been passed from Neanderthals and Denisovans through interbreeding after Homo sapiens emerged from Africa. What did the discovery of Neanderthal DNA in modern human genomes tell us about gene flow as Homo sapiens emerged from Africa? The mtDNA and Y chromosome data both indicated an African origin point for the migration of modern humans across the globe. Gene trees for modern human populations were constructed using blood group data, mtDNA, and the Y chromosome. What did the research using mtDNA and Y chromosome data determine that the blood group data did not about the origin of modern humans?
Y chromosome diversity and effective population size increased dramatically during the migration out of Africa, followed by a severe restriction in effective population size. mtDNA diversity and effective population size dramatically increased and is significantly larger than that of the Y chromosome. What does this figure tell us about diversification and effective population size in the Y chromosome and mtDNA?
It assumes that the set number of genotypes under consideration comes from a specified number of distinct groups, each with its own characteristic allele frequencies. What is the underlying assumption of the "structure" method for analyzing multiple loci at the same time? With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population was a subset of the previous population, which resulted in reduced genetic diversity in the newly colonized region relative to the source region. What is meant by describing modern human global migration as a "serial founder effect"? Vertical transmission (parent to offspring) provides a shared evolutionary history between host species and pathogen; the evolutionary history of the pathogen should reflect the human population it infects. Lateral transmission can be movement to an unrelated individual or an entirely different population or nonhuman reservoir. When using host-pathogen coevolution to study patterns of human migration, why do researchers study human-specific pathogens that transmit vertically as opposed to laterally? Sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons ... shorter femur angled outward to accommodate pelvic changes As the African tropics changed to savanna, hominins moved onto the savanna while other apes remained in the forest. A major adaptation to the savanna was the evolution of bipedal locomotion. Which of the following is NOT a skeletal change associated with bipedal locomotion? small cranial capacity, opposable big toe What physical features of the first hominins are more like the panin lineage rather than the hominin lineage? huge muscle attachment regions, distinctive top ridges, protruding cheekbones What skull characteristics distinguish Paranthropus from other hominin lineages? The use of fire to cook food (as opposed to eating raw food) provided large energetic stores that are easily consumed and processed; this reduced nutritional challenge led to distinct morphological changes, including a large increase in brain size. What did Richard Wrangham hypothesize about how the use of fire shaped the course of hominin evolution? The multiregional hypothesis suggests that hominins left Africa and colonized the rest of the Old World once, while the out-of-Africa hypothesis suggests that hominins left Africa and colonized the Old World in two to three waves. What is the primary distinction between the multiregional hypothesis for human evolution and the out-of-Africa hypothesis for human evolution? Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with larger brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and reduced brow ridges. Which of the following describes how Homo sapiens skulls differ physically from Homo heidelbergensis? Neanderthals had a Eurasian range, and since modern humans migrated out of Africa, they expected humans who descended from Europeans and Asians to share more alleles with Neanderthals than humans descended from African populations. How did migration patterns factor in to Richard Green et al.'s hypothesis about interbreeding among Neanderthals and modern humans? a reduction and then loss of large canines in modern humans as compared to other apes, with overall reduction in size of teeth Based on the figure, which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary changes in hominin dentition over time? Fossil evidence appeared to show morphological characters intermediate between H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis, but could not determine if that was solely due to interbreeding. Why was the fossil evidence for interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens inconclusive? Homo sapiens emerged from Africa 10,000 years ago. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the revised model of human evolution? Homo floresiensis Other than Homo sapiens, all Homo species went extinct by 30,000 years ago. However, a recent fossil discovery indicates one species may have survived until more recently. Which species is it? higher body temperature Experimental infection of lizards with heat-killed bacteria by Linda Vaughn et al. (1974) resulted in behavioral changes that led to ________ in the lizards. Fever is adaptive; it may somehow be advantageous in dealing with infection. The fact that both endothermic and exothermic vertebrates induce fever, by different mechanisms, in response to infection supports which of the following hypotheses? Proximate; evolutionary Consider Niko Tinbergen's four levels of explanation and complete the following sentence: ________ explanations tell us about the immediate mechanisms that precipitate a particular disease, and ________ explanations tell us how processes such as natural selection leave the body vulnerable to disease. Natural selection has not had time to catch up with rapid changes in the environment, for example, humans' work environments. An increased susceptibility to developing myopia, shortsightedness, is thought to be a consequence of spending time doing "near work," in which the eye is focused on an object, such as a book or computer, less than two feet away. What is the most likely evolutionary explanation for this phenomenon? Natural selection favors reproductive success, even at the expense of vulnerability to disease. Under which of Randy Nesse and George Williams' evolutionary explanations for disease does the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis for senescence fall? Sturdier bones would prevent fractures but would also reduce an organism's mobility. Which of the following is an example of a trade-off imposed on an organism that reflects an evolutionary compromise in function? Immune cells recognize the presence of a pathogen and release cytokines, which signal a shift in body temperature. Which of the following describes a proximate explanation for fever in mammals? Basal temperatures would be more like fever temperatures. This figure shows the basal and fever temperatures for various vertebrates. If fever conferred only benefits, and had no costs, how might you expect this graph to differ? No; the disease in patients without fever may have been too severe to allow the body to develop a fever. Patients with severe bacterial sepsis who develop a fever have higher survival rates than those who do not develop a fever. Does this observation provide causative evidence for the beneficial role of fever in fighting infections? A fever response is mounted more often than it is actually needed to help defend against an infection. Given that the costs of mounting a fever are less than the benefits, the principle of asymmetric harm predicts that natural selection should result in which of the following? Pathogens have larger population sizes and shorter generation times than hosts, allowing for increased rates of adaptation. The size difference between most multicellular hosts and their pathogens results in which of the following evolutionary advantages for the pathogen? viral reverse transcription All of the following are evolved immune defenses that attempt to isolate pathogens, minimize the harm they cause, and remove them from the body, EXCEPT ________ systems. generation of variation and selection on cells of the host's immune system Which of the following strategies allows vertebrate hosts to counteract the asymmetries in evolutionary rates between most pathogens and their hosts? they recognize evolutionarily conserved molecules that are structurally essential to the various bacteria that use them. The human immune system detects the presence of pathogens using pattern recognition receptor molecules that bind to common components of pathogens, such as peptidoglycan polymers in cell walls and the flagellin protein of bacterial flagella, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs. These receptors are effective because evolve more slowly than their hosts. Viruses are difficult for the immune system to deal with for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT viruses pattern recognition receptor molecules bind to highly conserved components of a pathogen. All of the following are steps in the process of clonal selection, EXCEPT produces receptors that bind to only nonself proteins. All of the following are true of V(D)J recombination EXCEPT it Red Queen hypothesis Which hypothesis for the evolution of sexual reproduction posits that sex is an adaptation for escaping pathogens? down-regulation of various aspects of the innate immune system Which of the following is a mechanism that many pathogens have evolved to subvert the host immune system? Influenza can escape host immunity by evolving new variants that reinfect hosts. Why is there no lifelong vaccine protection against influenza as there is for measles? a virus that can reinfect previously infected hosts via escape mutants Which of the following hypothetical viruses would likely show a "cactus-shaped" population phylogeny? An object gets stuck in the trachea, preventing airflow to the lungs. What is the proximate mechanism for choking? Lungs evolved as an extension of the esophagus rather than as a separate organ system. What is the likely phylogenetic explanation for the crossing of food and air pathways in humans? addresses how organisms interact with, influence and respond to their natural environment (abiotic and biotic) Ecology individual (response to environmental factors) Ecology can be studied from various levels of organization: Fitness __________ is an important component of Evolution as a discipline - individuals (their given genotypes) Fitness can be measured from two levels of organization: (1) spend more time and energy to find items that return more energy per unit of
expenditure upon them An optimal consumer should: (1) Deciding where to search Foraging can be broken down into four phases: predator waits in one place until a moving prey item comes by and then "ambushes" the prey Sit-and-wait mode: • prey density - must be high Sit-and-wait mode success depends on: predator actively searches out its prey Widely foraging mode: • prey density Widely foraging mode success also depends on:
prey Search image predators use cues that identify __________ among the various items that they see, that is: they form a search image that allows them to find prey more efficiently * too small to eat, or too hard to catch, that is: Prey can evolve anti-predator defenses Unprofitable prey: Many plants produce defensive compounds Animals may sequester such compounds Prey can evolve anti-predator defenses Chemical defenses: small pollen grains and were likely wind-pollinated The fossil record indicates that early flowering plants had _____________________ 440 million years ago Molecular dating suggests that insects evolved as a group about ______________, closely coinciding with the diversification of land plants contaminated Early insect pollination was probably accidental with insects that consumed
flower parts becoming "____________" with pollen and then transporting it mutualistic, coevolutionary Flowering plants and pollinators form a __________________ association increases Efficient pollination _______________ the fitness of the plant, the reward ____________ the fitness of the pollinator simple, open, white yellow or green, attracts many pollinator species Generalist vs. Specialized flowers Generalist: complex geometry, hidden nectar, few pollinator specie Generalist vs. Specialized flowers Specialized: red Insects cannot see long _______ wavelengths, but see shorter ultraviolet ones really well nectar guides many flowers have "_______________": patterns that lead the pollinator to the nectar reward This implies an increase in the fitness of individuals that display such resemblance Adaptive resemblance (broad sense) Any resemblance that has evolved or is maintained as a result of selection for the resemblance the appearance of the individual aids in concealment or prevents detection Crypsis: individual is visible, but the viewer misclassifies it as something of no interest (not food, not a threat) Masquerade: Individuals are less noticeable (or not noticeable) to a species that may pose a threat Protective crypsis Individuals are not noticeable (or less noticeable) to a species that they intend to capture Aggressive crypsis Individuals look like something of no interest to a species that may pose a threat Protective Masquerade Individuals do not appear to be a threat, they lure prey to themselves Aggressive Masquerade signal What makes mimicry "work"? The appearance of an individual constitutes a _______ signal receivers What makes mimicry "work"? Signals are perceived and interpreted by _______________ honest , deceiving What makes mimicry "work"? Signals may be ___________, or may be ___________ (1) Different compounds have different toxicity to predators Why is the palatability spectrum important within the context of Müllerian mimicry? (1) Batesian mimics do not pay a cost of chemical defense What is behind the success of Batesian mimicry? * Orchid mantis appear to offer something to eat Foraging mimicry * These orchids target particular pollinators, and thus have evolved a specific
signal to lure them Parasitic mimicry * Male blennies are territorial Sexual mimicry * Usually this is what happens in fireflies: Males flash, females respond, males approach, the pair copulates Sexual mimicry - the Photinus and Photuris interaction * Male European pied-flycatcher change plumage to adult colors and hold territories during breeding season Social mimicry bright color combinations that represent danger Some animals avoid instinctively, some learn Aposematic coloration, AKA warning coloration: chimps and bonobos *Humans share 20 million years ago The Hominoidea appears to have evolved in east Africa about __________ 14 million years The Hominidae probably evolved about _____________ ago but the locality is uncertain hominin lineage The rise of ________________ coincided with environmental changes in Africa about 6 million years ago changes
in dentition The distinguishing characteristics of the hominin lineage include: changes in skeletal structure The distinguishing characteristics of the hominin lineage include: Approximately 4 million years ago Use of tools dates back to 3.4 million years Archaeic hominins * Parathropus overlapped in Dme with Homo approximately 3 million years ago Megadont Archaeic hominins
* Approximately 2.3 million years ago The genus Homo * Homo ergaster (working man, Africa) and Homo erectus (Asia) appeared in the fossil record about 1.9 million years ago The genus Homo * Homo heidelbergensis is the presumed link between Neanderthals, denisovans, and Homo sapiens The genus Homo Africa The emergence of anatomically modern humans Successive tool making technologies arose in _______ and spread in waves Homo sapiens The emergence of anatomically modern humans Gradual divergence from Africa into Asia, Europe and elsewhere following the expansion of ___________ out of Africa about 60,000 years ago mitochondrial Eve The emergence of anatomically modern humans Genetic evidence: _______________ lived in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago. Nuclear loci support this inference. heavier and stronger From Homo heidelbergensis to modern humans Neanderthals were __________________ than H. sapiens cytokines Fever * Proximate mechanisms triggering mammalian fever are well understood: body temperature Fever * Proximate mechanisms triggering mammalian
fever are well understood: (1) Higher temperature may harm pathogen more than host Why is fever beneficial? Three hypotheses: The natural physical decline brought about by aging Senescence Senescence ______________ is not an evolved developmental program adaptation Senescence is not an ______________ Sets found in the same folderBiology Test 429 terms jennyv18 POP GEN EXAM 451 terms cnteeaa Evolution63 terms brooke381 MEC HW QUIZZES146 terms rqTWQTQt Other sets by this creatorbc132 terms Diehern bc131 terms Diehern biochem38 terms Diehern hell180 terms Diehern Recommended textbook solutions
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What other evidence can be used to support the Out of Africa hypothesis?Now a study of characteristic DNA sequences called "markers" in the Y chromosome adds support to the Out of Africa hypothesis. When scientists sequenced DNA from the mitochondria of a Neandertal 4 years ago, they found that it was very different from that in living humans.
Which theory is popularly used in Africa about the origin of man?In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo ...
Who was Mitochondrial Eve and how does she support the Out of Africa hypothesis?Who was "mitochondrial Eve" and how does she support the out-of-Africa hypothesis? She is the mtDNA coalescent of living humans; the timing of coalescence indicates greater mitochondrial diversity in Africa than the rest of the world, supporting an African origin for modern humans.
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